Randomly distributed tiny nodes with integrated sensors, data processing units and communication modules form a network in a self-organizing way. With the help of various sensors built into the nodes, they measure the heat, infrared, sonar, radar and seismic wave signals in the surrounding environment, thereby detecting many material phenomena of interest, including temperature, humidity, noise, light intensity, pressure, soil composition, size, speed and direction of moving objects. In terms of communication methods, although wired, wireless, infrared and light can be used in various forms, it is generally believed that short-range wireless low-power communication technology is most suitable for sensor networks. For the sake of clarity, it is generally called wireless sensor network (WSN). The main content discussed in this book is also limited to this scope. In other words, we inherit the definition of WSN that is generally accepted by most researchers: a large-scale, wireless, self-organizing, multi-hop, non-partitioned, and infrastructure-free network. The nodes are homogeneous, low-cost, and small in size. Most of the nodes do not move and are randomly scattered in the working area, requiring the network system to have as long a working time as possible.
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