Research on impedance matching Research on impedance matching In high-speed design, whether the impedance is matched or not is related to the quality of the signal. Impedance matching technology can be said to be rich and varied, but how to apply it more reasonably in a specific system requires weighing multiple factors. For example, in our system design, many of them use series matching of the source segment. Under what circumstances is matching required, what kind of matching is used, and why this method is used. For example: differential matching mostly uses terminal matching; clock uses source segment matching; 1. Series terminal matching The theoretical starting point of series terminal matching is that under the condition that the impedance of the signal source end is lower than the characteristic impedance of the transmission line, a resistor R is connected in series between the source end of the signal and the transmission line, so that the output impedance of the source end matches the characteristic impedance of the transmission line, and the signal reflected from the load end is suppressed from being reflected again. The signal transmission after series terminal matching has the following characteristics: A Due to the effect of the series matching resistor, the driving signal propagates to the load end with 50% of its amplitude; B The reflection coefficient of the signal at the load end is close to +1, so the amplitude of the reflected signal is close to 50% of the original signal amplitude. C The reflected signal is superimposed on the signal propagated from the source end, so that the amplitude of the signal received by the load end is approximately the same as that of the original signal; D The reflected signal from the load end propagates toward the source end and is absorbed by the matching resistor after reaching the source end; E After the reflected signal reaches the source end, the source end driving current drops to 0 until the next signal transmission. Compared with parallel matching, series matching does not require the signal driver to have a large current driving capability. The principle of selecting the series terminal matching resistance value is very simple, that is, the sum of the matching resistance value and the output impedance of the driver is required to be equal to the characteristic impedance of the transmission line. The output impedance of the ideal signal driver is zero. The actual driver always has a relatively small output impedance, and the output impedance may be different when the signal level changes. For example, a CMOS driver with a power supply voltage of +4.5V has a typical output impedance of 37Ω at a low level and a typical output impedance of 45Ω at a high level [4]; the output impedance of a TTL driver, like a CMOS driver, will change with the level of the signal. Therefore, for TTL or CMOS circuits, it is impossible to have a completely correct matching resistor, and only a compromise can be considered. The signal network of chain topology is not suitable for series terminal matching. All loads must be connected to the end of the transmission line.
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