Chip resistors are also called surface mount resistors. Like other chip components (SMC and SMD), they are a new generation of leadless or short-lead microelectronic components suitable for surface mount technology (SMT). The welding surface of its lead-out end is on the same plane. Chip varistor (VARISTOR) is a type of varistor. It is an electric shock protection device made with zinc oxide nonlinear resistor elements as the core. Zinc oxide nonlinear resistor elements are compound semiconductor components made of zinc oxide (ZnO) as the main material and adding a variety of other trace elements using ceramic technology. Its basic characteristic is the nonlinearity of the current-voltage relationship. When the voltage applied to its two ends is lower than a certain valve voltage, that is, the \"varistor voltage\", its resistance value is extremely large, in the megohm level; and when the voltage applied to its two ends exceeds the varistor voltage, the resistance value drops rapidly with the increase of voltage, and can be as small as the ohm level or milliohm level. Varistors are different from ordinary resistors. Ordinary resistors obey Ohm\'s law, while the voltage and current of chip varistors show a special nonlinear relationship. When the voltage applied across the chip varistor is lower than the nominal rated voltage, its resistance value is close to infinity, and almost no current flows inside. When the voltage across the chip varistor is slightly higher than the nominal rated voltage, it will be quickly broken down and turned on, and change from a high-resistance state to a low-resistance state, and the working current will also increase sharply. When the voltage across its two ends is lower than the nominal rated voltage, the chip varistor can return to a high-resistance state. When the voltage across the varistor exceeds its maximum limit voltage, the varistor will be completely broken down and damaged and can no longer recover on its own. Generally speaking, the manufacturing process of chip varistors is as follows: lamination, cutting, debonding, sintering, chamfering, coating, terminal electrodes, and electroplating. Chip varistors are widely used in household appliances and other electronic products, playing the role of overvoltage protection, lightning protection, surge current suppression, spike pulse absorption, amplitude limiting, high-voltage arc extinguishing, noise elimination, and protection of semiconductor components. The main parameters of chip varistors are: nominal voltage, voltage ratio, maximum control voltage, residual voltage ratio, current carrying capacity, leakage current, voltage temperature coefficient, current temperature coefficient, voltage nonlinear coefficient, insulation resistance, static capacitance, etc. (1) Varistor voltage (VARISTOR VOLTAGE) MYG05K specifies that the current passing through is 0.1mA. The nominal voltage of MYG07K, MYG10K, MYG14K, and MYG20K refers to the voltage value across the varistor when a 1mA DC current passes through it. The so-called varistor voltage is the breakdown voltage or threshold voltage. It refers to the voltage value under the specified current. In most cases, it is the voltage value measured when a 1mA DC current is passed through the varistor. The varistor voltage range of its products can range from 10-9000V. It can be selected correctly according to specific needs. Generally, V1mA=1.5Vp=2.2VAC, where Vp is the peak value of the rated voltage of the circuit. VAC is the effective value of the rated AC voltage. The voltage value selection of ZnO varistor is very important, which is related to the protection effect and service life. For example, if the rated power supply voltage of an electrical appliance is 220V, the voltage value of the varistor is V1mA=1.5Vp=1.5×1.414×220V=476V, V1mA=2.2VAC=2.2×220V=484V, so the breakdown voltage of the varistor can be selected between 470-480V. (2) Maximum allowable voltage (maximum limit voltage MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE VOLTAGE) This voltage is divided into two cases: AC and DC. If it is AC, it refers to the effective value of the AC voltage allowed to be applied to the varistor, expressed in ACrms. Therefore, under the action of the effective value of the AC voltage, a varistor with the maximum allowable voltage should be selected. In fact, V1mA and ACrms are interrelated. Knowing the former also knows the latter. However, ACrms is more direct for users. Users can directly select a suitable varistor according to the circuit working voltage according to ACrms. In an AC circuit, there should be: min(U1mA) ≥(2.2~2.5)Uac, where Uac is the effective value of the AC working voltage in the circuit. The above value selection principle is mainly to ensure that the varistor has an appropriate safety margin when used in a power supply circuit. For DC, in a DC circuit, there should be: min(U1mA) ≥(1.6~2)Udc, where Udc is the DC rated working voltage in the circuit. When in the signal loop, there should be: min (U1mA) ≥ (1.2 ~ 1.5) Umax, where Umax is the peak voltage of the signal loop. The current carrying capacity of the varistor should be determined according to the design indicators of the lightning protection circuit. Generally speaking, the current carrying capacity of the varistor should be greater than or equal to the current carrying capacity designed for the lightning protection circuit. (3) Current carrying capacity (Imax (8/20us)) Current carrying capacity is also called flow rate, which refers to the maximum pulse (peak) current value allowed to pass through the varistor under specified conditions (applying a standard impulse current at a specified time interval and number of times). Generally, the overvoltage is one or a series of pulse waves. There are two types of shock waves used in experimental varistors. One is an 8/20μs wave, which is usually referred to as a pulse wave with a wave head of 8μs and a wave tail time of 20μs, and the other is a 2ms square wave. The so-called current capacity, that is, the peak value of the maximum pulse current, is the maximum pulse current value when the change of the varistor voltage does not exceed ±10% for the specified impulse current waveform and the specified number of impulse currents under the condition of an ambient temperature of 25°C. In order to extend the service life of the device, the surge current amplitude absorbed by the ZnO varistor should be less than the maximum current flow of the product given in the manual. However, from the perspective of protection effect, it is better to select a larger current flow. In many cases, the actual current flow is difficult to calculate accurately, so 2-20kA products are selected. If the current flow of the product at hand cannot meet the use requirements, several single varistors can be used in parallel. The varistor voltage after parallel connection remains unchanged, and its current flow is the sum of the values of each single varistor. It is required that the volt-ampere characteristics of the parallel varistors are as similar as possible, otherwise it is easy to cause uneven shunting and damage the varistor. (4) Maximum clamping voltage (CLAMPING VOLTAGE (MAX.)) The maximum clamping voltage refers to the highest voltage value that the two ends of the varistor can withstand. It indicates the voltage generated when the specified impulse current Ip passes through the two ends of the varistor. This voltage is also called residual voltage. Therefore, the residual voltage of the selected varistor must be less than the withstand voltage level Vo of the protected object, otherwise the reliable protection purpose cannot be achieved. Usually, the impulse current Ip value is large, such as 2.5A or 10A, so the maximum clamping voltage Vc corresponding to the varistor is quite large. For example, MYG7K471 has Vc=775 (when Ip=10A). (5) Maximum energy (energy tolerance) The energy absorbed by the varistor is usually calculated according to the following formula W=kIVT(J) Where I is the peak value flowing through the varistor; V is the voltage across the varistor when the current I flows through the varistor; T is the current duration; k is the waveform factor of the current I. For: 2ms square wave k=1, 8/20μs wave k=1.4, 10/1000μs k=1.4. For 2ms square wave, the varistor can absorb energy up to 330J per square centimeter; for 8/20μs wave, the current density can reach 2000A per cubic centimeter, which shows that its current carrying capacity and energy tolerance are both very large. Generally speaking, the larger the diameter of the varistor, the greater its energy tolerance and the greater its impact current resistance. When selecting a varistor, you should also consider the frequent occurrence of overvoltages with smaller energy but higher frequency, such as overvoltages that occur once or more than once in tens of seconds or one or two minutes. At this time, you should consider the average power that the varistor can absorb. (6) Voltage ratio: The voltage ratio refers to the voltage value generated when the current of the varistor is 1mA and the voltage value when the current of the varistor is 0.The ratio of the voltage value generated when the current is 1mA. (7) The maximum power that the rated power can consume at the specified ambient temperature. (8) Maximum peak current (SURGE CURRENT (8/20μs)) The maximum current value of a single impact with a current of 8/20μs standard waveform, at which the varistor voltage change rate is still within ±10%. The maximum current value of a double impact with a current of 8/20μs standard waveform, with an interval of 5 minutes between the two impacts, at which the varistor voltage change rate is still within ±10%. (9) Residual voltage ratio When the current flowing through the varistor is a certain value, the voltage generated across it is called the residual voltage of this current value. The residual voltage ratio is the ratio of the residual voltage to the nominal voltage. (10) Leakage current Leakage current, also known as waiting current, refers to the current flowing through the varistor at the specified temperature and maximum DC voltage. (11) Voltage temperature coefficient The voltage temperature coefficient refers to the rate of change of the nominal voltage of the varistor within the specified temperature range (temperature is 20~70℃), that is, the relative change of the two ends of the varistor when the temperature changes by 1℃ when the current passing through the varistor is kept constant. (12) Current temperature coefficient The current temperature coefficient refers to the relative change of the current flowing through the varistor when the temperature changes by 1℃ when the voltage across the two ends of the varistor is kept constant. (13) Voltage nonlinear coefficient The voltage nonlinear coefficient refers to the ratio of the static resistance value to the dynamic resistance value of the varistor under the action of a given external voltage. (14) Insulation resistance Insulation resistance refers to the resistance value between the lead wire (pin) of the varistor and the insulating surface of the resistor body. (15) Static capacitance Static capacitance refers to the inherent capacitance of the varistor itself. Although the varistor can absorb a large amount of surge energy, it cannot withstand continuous current above the milliampere level. This must be taken into account when it is used as an overvoltage protection. When selecting a varistor, two parameters are generally selected: the nominal varistor voltage V1mA and the current carrying capacity. 2 Application industries of chip varistors Varistors are mainly used to protect those resistors that are vulnerable to damage by static electricity and high voltage. They are widely used in some environments with high integration and complex application functions. Among them, chip varistors are small in size and suitable for highly integrated electronic environments. It is understood that the widespread application of handheld electronic products has made mobile phones, laptops, PDAs, digital cameras and medical instruments and other products put forward more stringent requirements on the speed and working voltage of circuit systems. Although chip varistors have been pushed to the forefront of the market due to their advantages such as fast response speed, non-polarity, low cost and compatibility with SMT processes. In the application of mobile phones, due to the addition of a variety of new functions, such as color screens, camera, MMS, the IC integration in mobile phones is getting higher and higher. At the same time, the operating voltage of semiconductor devices and ICs is getting lower and lower. When the chip becomes thinner and thinner, the probability of suffering from overvoltage and electrostatic discharge (ESD) hazards is greatly increased. Since overvoltage and electrostatic discharge can cause damage to integrated circuits and semiconductor devices, a large number of overvoltage protection components are required to provide protection for expensive semiconductor devices. The market for chip varistors is promising, but at the same time, they are facing an embarrassment. Due to the firm price of chip varistors, generally speaking, the price of the same type of chip varistors is 3-5 times higher than that of DIP types. As a result, they are struggling in the process of expanding their market share, just like SMD LEDs. The actual situation of chip varistors in the component market is that the supply market is not large, and the demand market is not large either. At present, DIP plug-in products are the mainstream in the varistor market, while SMT products are the development trend. Although chip varistors have greater room for development, they have not yet found a suitable opportunity. At present, many chip varistors in formal channels are produced in Taiwan, but there are many unknown parallel import products that are not produced in Taiwan circulating in the spot market. Since the price of parallel import products is twice that of genuine products, some customers are willing to buy parallel import products. 3 The scale of chip varistors
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