PCB Power Decoupling Design Guide When engineers design a PCB power distribution system, they first divide the entire design into four parts: the power source (battery, converter or rectifier), the PCB, the board decoupling capacitors, and the chip decoupling capacitors. This article will focus on the PCB and chip decoupling capacitors. Board decoupling capacitors are usually large, about 10mF or more, and are mainly used in specific applications. Designing a decoupling capacitor involves two steps. First, the capacitance value is calculated based on the electrical calculation, and then the capacitor is placed on the PCB. Exactly how far away from the digital chip should the capacitor be placed? But people often forget that the PCB itself is part of the decoupling design. This article will discuss where the board fits into the decoupling design. Decoupling Requirements Basically, the power supply provides energy to the digital chip through a wire. This power supply may be \"far\" from the chip. It is not uncommon for the power supply line to be 5 inches long 16AWG wire and 4 inches long 20mil trace. These wires have resistance, capacitance, and inductance, which all affect the transfer of energy. Inductance is proportional to the length of the wire and is the cause of most quality problems. The trace is important to consider because it determines the total inductance and the loop path that current will flow. This loop path can and likely will radiate electromagnetic interference (EMI). Placing a small power source (such as a capacitor) next to the chip minimizes the trace length from the capacitor to the chip\'s Vcc pin, thereby reducing the loop area. This minimizes the voltage drop caused by the wire inductance. Since the loop path is reduced, EMI is also reduced. Connecting the digital chip U1 directly to the power supply means that several inches of trace may be required. Capacitor C1 with parasitic inductance L2 and R2 can be inserted into the circuit closer to the chip, less than an inch away (Figure 1). L3 is the inductance of the wire between C1 and U1. L1 and R1 are the parasitic parameters of the wire from the power supply to the capacitor. |[pic] |This reduces the trace length to mils and reduces the wire impedance to a usable level. C2 is very important here because it determines how much current the power supply must supply. C2 represents the internal load of U1 and the external load that U1 must drive. When S1 is closed, these loads are connected to the power supply.
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