Basic concepts of mixers Mixer operating frequency Mixers are multi-frequency working devices. In addition to specifying the operating frequency of the RF signal, attention should also be paid to the application range of the local oscillator and the intermediate frequency. Noise factor The noise of the mixer is defined as: NF = Pno / Pso Pno is the total noise available power transmitted to the output port when the noise temperature of the input port is the standard temperature at all frequencies, that is, T0 = 290K. Pno mainly includes the thermal noise of the signal source, the thermal noise of the internal loss resistor, the current shot noise of the mixer device and the phase noise of the local oscillator. Pso is the noise available power generated at the output end by only the useful signal input. Conversion loss The conversion loss of the mixer is defined as the ratio of the microwave signal power at the RF input port of the mixer to the signal power at the intermediate frequency output port. It is mainly caused by circuit mismatch loss, inherent junction loss of the diode and net conversion loss of nonlinear conductance. 1dB compression point Under normal working conditions, the RF input level is much lower than the local oscillator level. At this time, the intermediate frequency output will change linearly with the RF input. When the RF level increases to a certain extent, the speed at which the intermediate frequency output increases with the RF input slows down, and the mixer is saturated. The RF input power when the intermediate frequency output deviates from linearity by 1dB is the 1dB compression point of the mixer. For mixers with the same structure, the 1dB compression point depends on the local oscillator power and diode characteristics, and is generally 6dB lower than the local oscillator power. Dynamic range Dynamic range refers to the microwave input power range when the mixer is working normally. Its lower limit varies depending on the application environment of the mixer, and its upper limit is limited by the saturation of the RF input power, which usually corresponds to the 1dB compression point of the mixer. Two-tone third-order intermodulation If two microwave signals fs1 and fs2 with similar frequencies are input to the mixer together with the local oscillator fLO, intermodulation will occur due to the nonlinear effect of the mixer. Among them, third-order intermodulation may appear near the output intermediate frequency and fall within the intermediate frequency passband, causing interference. It is usually described by the third-order intermodulation suppression ratio, that is, the ratio of the useful signal power to the third-order intermodulation signal power, often expressed as dBc. Because the intermediate frequency power is proportional to the input power, when the microwave input signal decreases...
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