Various heat-resistant steels are widely used in power and energy engineering. For example, boilers, steam turbines, oil refining equipment, nuclear vessels, and petrochemical equipment. Many parts of these equipment are under long-term working conditions of high temperature, high pressure and strong corrosive media. Heat-resistant steel refers to steel that has both thermal stability and thermal strength under high temperature conditions. Thermal stability means that steel can maintain chemical stability (corrosion resistance and non-oxidation) under high temperature conditions. Thermal strength means that steel has sufficient strength under high temperature conditions. The heat resistance of steel is mainly guaranteed by alloying elements. The most commonly used alloying elements are chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium, titanium, niobium, boron, silicon and rare earth elements. The type and amount of alloying elements added to steel are different, and the organizational state and heat resistance of steel are different. According to the metallographic structure of small-section specimens after normalizing, heat-resistant steel can be divided into pearlite heat-resistant steel, austenite heat-resistant steel, ferrite heat-resistant steel and martensite heat-resistant steel.
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