This book takes the most basic and most commonly used 8086 processor as its basis, introducing the principles of microcomputer systems, the structure of Intel series microprocessors, the 8086 instruction system, assembly language programming, main memory and various commonly used interface technologies. It also further introduces the latest developments in microprocessors (parallel processing technology, multi-core technology), striving to build a complete outline and clear structure of a microcomputer. Chapter 1 Overview 1 1.1 Overview of the development of the IA-32 structure 2 1.1.1 General-purpose microprocessors 2 1.1.2 Special-purpose microprocessors 7 1.2 Computer basics 9 1.2.1 The basic structure of a computer 9 1.2.2 Common terms and binary codes 10 1.2.3 Instruction programs and instruction systems 11 1.2.4 Primary computers 12 1.2.5 Simple program examples 15 1.2.6 Addressing methods 19 1.3 Computer hardware and software 23 1.3.1 System software 23 1.3.2 Application software 24 1.3.3 Support software 24 1.4 Microcomputer structure 24 1.4.1 External structure of a microcomputer 25 1.4.2 Internal structure of a microcomputer 25 Exercises 26 Chapter 2 IA-32 microprocessor and 8086 29 2.1 IA-32 microprocessor is an extension of 8086 30 2.1.1 Extension of 8086 functions 30 2.1.2 Improvement of 8086 performance 31 2.2 Functional structure of 8086 32 2.3 Execution environment of 8086 microprocessor 33 2.3.1 Overview of basic execution environment 33 2.3.2 Basic program execution registers 34 2.3.3 Memory organization 38 Exercises 40 Chapter 3 8086 instruction system 41 3.1 Basic data types 42 3.1.1 Word and double word alignment 42 3.1.2 Numeric data types 42 3.1.3 Pointer data types 43 3.1.4 String data types 44 3.2 8086 instruction format 44 3.3 Operand addressing mode of 8086 instruction 44 3.3.1 Immediate value 45 3.3.2 Register operand 45 3.3.3 Memory Operands 45 3.3.4 I/O Port Addressing 49 3.4 Common 8086 Instructions 49 3.4.1 Data Transfer Instructions 49 3.4.2 Binary Arithmetic Instructions 53 3.4.3 Decimal Adjustment Instructions 58 3.4.4 Logical Instructions 61 3.4.5 Shift and Rotate Instructions 63 3.4.6 Control Transfer Instructions 66 3.4.7 String Instructions 71 3.4.8 Flag Control Operations 75 3.4.9 Segment Register Instructions 76 3.4.10 Miscellaneous Instructions 76 Exercises 76 Chapter 4 Assembly Language Programming 80 4.1 Assembly Language Format 81 4.1.1 An Example of an 8086 Assembly Language Program 81 4.1.2 Format of an 8086 Assembly Language Source Program 81 4.2 Statement Format 82 4.3.3 Segment definition statement 94 4.3.4 Procedure definition statement 97 4.3.5 End statement 98 4.4 Instruction statement 99 4.4.1 Instruction mnemonics 99 4.4.2 Instruction prefix 99 4.4.3 Operand addressing mode 99 4.4.4 String operation instructions 100 4.5 Assembly language programming and examples 102 4.5.1 Arithmetic operation programming (linear operation program) 102 4.5.2 Branch programming 104 4.5.3 Loop programming 105 4.5.4 String processing programming 106 4.5.5 Code conversion programming 110 4.5.6 4.5.7 Subroutine Design 116 4.5.8 Macro Assembly 121 4.5.9 Mixed Programming with C Language 124 Exercises 127 Chapter 5 Processor Bus Timing and System Bus 129 5.1 8086 Pin Functions 130 5.2 8086 Processor Timing 133 5.3 System Bus 141 5.3.1 Overview 141 5.3.2 PC Bus 145 5.3.3 ISA Bus 145 5.3.4 PCI Bus 146 5.3.5 USB Bus 149 Exercises 150 Chapter 6 Memory 152 6.1 Classification of Semiconductor Memory 153 6.1.1 Types of RAM 154 6.1.2 Types of ROM 154 6.2 Read-Write Memory RAM 155 6.2.1 Basic Storage Circuit 155 6.2.2 RAM Structure 156 6.2.3 Connection between RAM and CPU 160 6.3 Read-Only Memory (ROM) 163 6.3.1 Mask Read-Only Memory 163 6.3.2 Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory EPROM 165 6.4 Technology to Improve Memory Performance 171 6.4.1 Cache 172 6.4.2 Virtual Memory 175 6.4.3 Parallel Memory 177 6.5 Microcomputer Main Memory Space Allocation 177 Exercises 180 Chapter 7 Input and Output 181 7.1 Overview 182 7.1.1 Addressing Modes for Input/Output 182 7.1.2 Interface Information between CPU and I/O Devices 182 7.1.3 CPU Input/Output Timing 183 7.1.4 The Form of Data Transfer between CPU and Interface Circuit 184 7.1.5 Concept of Programmable Interface 184 7.2 Data Transfer Modes between CPU and Peripheral Devices 185 7.2.1 Query Transfer Mode 185 7.2.2 Interrupt Transfer Mode 188 7.2.3 Direct Data Channel Transfer (DMA) 189 7.3 Interrupt System 191 7.3.1 Interrupts and Interrupt Sources 191 7.3.2 Functions of the Interrupt System 191 7.3.3 The Simplest Interrupt Case 192 7.3.4 8086 Interrupt Modes 195 7.3.5 Interrupt Controller 8259A 197 7.3.6 8259A Application Examples 202 Exercises 203 Chapter 8 Common Interface Circuit Chips 206 8.1 Programmable Timer/Counter 8253 207 8.1.1 Main Functions 207 8.1.2 Internal Structure of 8253 207 8.1.3 Pinouts of 8253 208 8.1.4 8.1.5 8253 working mode 210 8.1.6 8253 programming 214 8.2 Programmable parallel interface 8255A 215 8.2.1 8255A internal structure 215 8.2.2 8255A pins 217 8.2.3 Working mode 217 8.2.4 Control word and status word 220 8.2.5 8255A application example 221 8.3 Serial communication and serial communication interface chip 8251 223 8.3.1 Serial communication overview 223 8.3.2 8251 programmable communication interface 225 8.3.3 8251 programming 228 8.4 Digital-to-analog (D/A) conversion and analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion interface 229 8.4.1 9.4 Parallel Processing Technology 250 9.4.1 The concept of parallelism 250 9.4.2 Data-level parallelism 250 9.4.3 Instruction-level parallelism 251 9.4.4 Parallel processing technology 252 9.4.5 Parallel processing technology 253 9.4.6 Parallel processing technology 254 9.4.7 Parallel processing technology 255 9.4.8 Parallel processing technology 256 9.4.9 Parallel processing technology 257 9.4.1 Parallelism concept 257 9.4.2 Data-level parallelism technology 257 9.4.3 Instruction-level parallelism technology 258 9.4.4 Thread-Level Parallelism 254 9.4.5 Multi-core Technology 256 Exercises 257
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