This book is a textbook on the basic theory and application technology of process parameter detection and automated instrumentation systems. The book is divided into five parts with a total of 20 chapters. Chapters 1 and 2 of the first part introduce the basic knowledge of detection and instrumentation and error analysis methods, and Chapter 3 introduces the basic methods of detection technology; Chapters 4 to 9 of the second part respectively introduce the detection methods of parameters such as temperature, pressure, flow, level, mechanical quantity, and component analysis; Chapter 10 of the third part introduces the characteristics and development of automated instruments, and Chapters 11 to 14 respectively introduce the transmission, display, regulation, and execution units in the instrumentation system; Chapters 15 and 16 of the fourth part analyze and discuss the relevant technologies and development trends of computer control systems and fieldbus control systems composed of instruments; Chapters 17 to 20 of the fifth part introduce modern detection and instrumentation technology. As a textbook for undergraduate students of automation and related majors in colleges and universities, this book can also meet the needs of relevant graduate students and engineering and technical personnel. Part I Basic Knowledge Introduction 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Instrumentation Control System 1 1.1.1 Typical Instrumentation Control System 1 1.1.2 Analysis of Instrumentation Control System Structure 2 1.2 Basic Concepts 3 1.2.1 Measuring Range, Upper and Lower Limits and Range 3 1.2.2 Zero Migration and Range Migration 3 1.2.3 Sensitivity and Resolution 4 1.2.4 Error 4 1.2.5 Accuracy 5 1.2.6 Hysteresis, Dead Zone and Backlash 5 1.2.7 Repeatability and Reproducibility 6 1.2.8 Reliability 6 1.3 Technical Development Trend of Instrumentation 7 Questions and Exercises 7 2 Error Analysis Foundation and Measurement Uncertainty 8 2.1 Detection Accuracy 8 2.2 Basic Concepts of Error Analysis 8 2.2.1 Relationship between True Value, Measured Value and Error 8 2.2.2 Definitions of Several Errors 9 2.2.3 Measurement Accuracy and Precision 9 2.3 Error Cause Analysis 9 2.4 Error Classification 10 2.5 Statistical Processing of Errors 10 2.5.1 Properties of the probability of random error and probability density function 11 2.5.2 Normal distribution function and its characteristic points 11 2.5.3 Confidence interval and confidence probability 12 2.6 Error propagation law 13 2.6.1 Error propagation law 13 2.6.2 Weighting and error of unequal precision measurements 14 2.7 Error estimation 14 2.7.1 Error representation method of mean value 14 2.7.2 Unbiased estimation of mean value and standard deviation 15 2.7.3 Error estimation for small number of measurements 15 2.8 Gross error test 16 2.9 Measurement uncertainty 16 2.9.1 Origin of measurement uncertainty 16 2.9.2 Classification of measurement uncertainty 17 2.9.3 Evaluation method of measurement uncertainty 18 2.10 Least squares method and its application 20 2.10.1 Principle of least squares method 20 2.10.2 Application of least squares method in multivariate indirect detection 20 2.10.3 Application of the least squares method in curve fitting 22 Questions and exercises 23 3 Analysis of detection technology and methods 24 3.1 Detection methods and their basic concepts 24 3.1.1 Open-loop detection and closed-loop detection 24 3.1.2 Direct detection and indirect detection 25 3.1.3 Absolute detection and comparison detection 25 3.1.4 Deviation method and zero position method 25 3.1.5 Intensity variable detection and capacity variable detection 26 3.1.6 Micro-difference method 26 3.1.7 Substitution method 26 3.1.8 Energy conversion and energy control detection elements 26 3.1.9 Active exploration and information feedback detection 27 3.2 Detection system model and structural analysis 27 3.2.1 Basic functions of the detection system 27 3.2.2 Signal conversion model and signal selectivity 27 3.2.3 Structural analysis of the detection system 28 3.3 Methods to improve detection accuracy 30 3.3.1 Time domain signal selection method 30 3.3.2 Frequency Domain Signal Selection Method 30 3.4 Diversified Detection Technology 32 3.4.1 Diversified Detection and Detection Equation 32 3.4.2 Diversified Composite Detection 33 3.4.3 Diversified Identification Detection 34 3.4.4 Structural Detection 35 3.4.5 Multi-point Spatiotemporal Detection 35 Questions and Exercises 36 Part II Process Parameter Detection Technology 4 Temperature Detection 37 4.1 Temperature Measurement Method and Temperature Scale 37 4.1.1 Temperature Measurement Principle and Method 37 4.1.2 Temperature Scale 37 4.2 Contact Temperature Measurement 39 4.2.1 Thermocouple Temperature Measurement 39 4.2.2 Thermal Resistor Temperature Measurement 45 4.2.3 Integrated Temperature Sensor 49 4.3 Non-contact Temperature Measurement 49 4.3.1 Principle of Radiation Temperature Measurement 49 4.3.2 Basic Composition and Common Methods of Radiation Temperature Measurement Instruments 50 4.3.3 Radiation Temperature Measurement Instruments 50 4.3.4 The apparent temperature of the radiation temperature measuring instrument 52 4.4 Fiber optic temperature sensor 53 4.4.1 Liquid crystal fiber optic temperature sensor 53 4.4.2 Fluorescent fiber optic temperature sensor 53 4.4.3 Semiconductor fiber optic temperature sensor 54 4.4.4 Fiber optic radiation thermometer 54 4.5 Temperature measurement examples 55 4.5.1 Measurement of fluid temperature in a pipeline 55 4.5.2 Measurement of flue gas temperature in a flue 55 4.5.3 Non-contact method for measuring the surface temperature of an object 56 Questions and exercises 56 5 Pressure detection 57 5.1 Pressure units and pressure detection methods 57 5.1.1 Units of pressure 57 5.1.2 Several methods of expressing pressure 57 5.1.3 Main methods and classifications of pressure detection 58 5.2 Commonly used pressure detection instruments 59 5.2.1 Elastic pressure gauge 59 5.2.2 Force balance pressure gauge 62 5.2.3 Pressure sensor 62 5.3 Use of pressure measuring instruments and pressure detection system 66 5.3.1 Use of pressure measuring instruments 66 5.3.2 Pressure detection system 67 Questions and exercises 68 6 Flow detection 70 6.1 Basic concepts of flow detection 70 6.1.1 Concept and unit of flow 70 6.1.2 Flow detection method and classification of flowmeters 70 6.2 Volume flow detection method 72 6.2.1 Positive displacement flowmeter 72 6.2.2 Differential pressure flowmeter 74 6.2.3 Velocity flowmeter 83 6.3 Mass flow detection method 87 6.3.1 Indirect mass flow measurement method 87 6.3.2 Direct mass flowmeter 89 6.4 Flow standard device 91 6.4.1 Liquid flow standard device 91 6.4.2 Gas flow standard device 92 Questions and exercises 93 7 Level detection 94 7.1 Definition of level and classification of level detection instruments 94 7.1.2 Classification of level detection instruments 94 7.2 Commonly used level detection instruments 95 7.2.1 Static pressure liquid level detection instruments 95 7.2.2 Buoyancy type level detection instruments 97 7.2.3 Other level measurement instruments 99 7.3 Factors affecting level measurement 102 7.3.1 Characteristics of liquid level measurement 102 7.3.2 Characteristics of material level measurement 103 7.3.3 Characteristics of interface level measurement 103 Questions and exercises 103 8 Mechanical quantity detection 104 8.1 Analog displacement detection 104 8.1.1 Capacitive displacement detection method 104 8.1.2 Inductive displacement detection method 105 8.1.3 Differential transformer displacement detection method 106 8.1.4 Optical fiber displacement detection method 107 8.2 Optical digital displacement detection 107 8.2.1 Grating scale 107 8.2.2 Moire fringe scale 108 8.2.3 Laser scanning length measurement and image detection 108 8.3 Speed detection 109 8.3.1 Centrifugal force detection method 109 8.3.2 Photoelectric encoder speed detection method 109 8.3.3 Spatial filter detection method 110 8.4 Force detection method 111 8.4.1 Metal strain element 111 8.4.2 Semiconductor strain element 112 8.4.3 Piezoelectric effect 112 8.4.4 Pressure-sensitive conductive rubber 113 8.5 Acceleration and vibration detection 113 8.5.1 Acceleration detection principle 113 8.5.2 Electrokinetic vibration detection method 115 8.5.3 Micromechanical acceleration sensor element 116 Questions and exercises 116 9 Component analysis instrument 117 9.1 Component analysis method and the composition of the analysis system 117 9.1.1 Component analysis method and classification 117 9.1.2 The composition of the automatic analysis system 117 9.2 Several industrial component analysis instruments 118 9.2.1 Thermal conductivity gas analyzer 118 9.2.2 Infrared gas analyzer 120 9.2.3 Zirconia oxygen analyzer 121 9.2.4 Gas chromatograph 123 9.2.5 Semiconductor gas sensor 125 9.2.6 Industrial acidity meter 128 9.3 Humidity detection 130 9.3.1 Humidity expression method and humidity detection characteristics 130 9.3.2 Dry-bulb hygrometer 131 9.3.3 Electrolyte humidity sensor 131 9.3.4 Ceramic humidity sensor 132 9.3.5 Polymer humidity sensor 132 Questions and exercises 133 Part III Instrument system analysis 10 Instrument system and its theoretical analysis 134 10.1 Overview of instrument development 134 10.2 Classification and characteristics of commonly used instruments 135 10.2.1 Classification of commonly used instruments 135 10.2.2 Comparison of electric unit combination instruments and DDZ-Ⅱ and DDZ-Ⅲ instruments 136 10.3 Analysis of static characteristics of instrument input and output 137 10.3.1 Analysis of input and output characteristics 137 10.3.2 Analysis of linearization processing of instrument characteristics 138 10.4 Instrument system modeling 139 10.4.1 Time domain model 139 10.4.2 Frequency domain model 140 10.4.3 Discrete model 141 10.5 Time domain analysis of instrument system 142 10.5.1 Time domain analysis index 142 10.5.2 Analysis of dynamic characteristics of step disturbance 143 10.5.3 Analysis of dynamic characteristics of constant speed disturbance 143 10.6 Frequency domain analysis of instrument system 144 10.6.1 Analysis of the dynamic characteristics of sinusoidal disturbances 144 10.6.2 Analysis of frequency response Bode plots 145 10.6.3 Frequency band analysis 146 10.7 Analysis of hybrid instrument systems 147 10.7.1 Modeling of hybrid instrument systems 147 10.7.2 Time domain analysis 148 10.7.3 Frequency domain analysis 148 Questions and exercises 149 11 Transmitter unit 150 11.1 Working principles of common transmitters 150 11.1.1 Analysis of common transmitter structures 150 11.1.2 Principle of torque balance 151 11.1.3 Principle of bridge circuit 151 11.1.4 Principle of differential mode 152 11.2 DDZ-Ⅲ differential pressure transmitter 153 11.3 DDZ-Ⅲ temperature transmitter 156 11.3.1 DC millivolt input circuit 156 11.3.2 Thermocouple Input Circuit 157 11.3.3 Thermal Resistor Input Circuit 158 11.4 New Transmitter 159 11.4.1 Microelectronic Transmitter 159 11.4.2 Digital Transmitter 160 Questions and Exercises 161 12 Display Unit 162 12.1 Working Principle of Display Instrument 162 12.1.1 Analysis of Display Instrument Structure 162 12.1.2 Principle of Potentiometer Type Automatic Balancing 163 12.1.3 Principle of Bridge Type Automatic Balancing 163 12.1.4 Principle of Differential Transformer Type Automatic Balancing 164 12.2 Traditional Display and Recording Instrument 164 12.2.1 Potentiometer Type Automatic Balancing Display Instrument 164 12.2.2 Bridge Type Automatic Balancing Display Instrument 165 12.3 Digital Display and Recording Instrument 168 12.3.1 Digital-Analog Hybrid Recorder 168 12.3.2 Fully digital recorder 170 Questions and exercises 171 13 Regulation control unit 172 13.1 Conventional control law 172 13.1.1 Typical control system 172 13.1.2 Basic control law 173 13.1.3 Conventional control law 174 13.1.4 Composition of practical PID control law 177 13.2 Implementation of regulator control law 179 13.2.1 Implementation of PID control law of DDZ-Ⅲ type regulator 179 13.2.2 Implementation of digital regulator control law 184 13.3 Analysis of basic circuit of conventional regulator 186 13.3.1 Analysis of basic circuit of DDZ-Ⅲ type regulator 186 13.3.2 Analysis of basic circuit of digital regulator 187 13.4 Programmable regulator 189 13.4.1 Working principle of programmable regulator 189 13.4.2 The composition and implementation of program control rules 191 13.5 Advanced regulator 192 13.5.1 Enhanced regulator 192 13.5.2 Improved PID control algorithm 194 Questions and exercises 195 14 Execution unit 197 14.1 Working principle of actuator 197 14.1.1 Classification and comparison of actuators 197 14.1.2 Basic composition and working principle of actuators 197 14.2 Pneumatic actuator 198 14.2.1 Basic composition of pneumatic actuator 198 14.2.2 Valve positioner 199 14.3 Electric actuator 200 14.4 Control valve 201 14.4.1 Working principle of control valve 201 14.4.2 Structure and classification of control valve 202 14.4.3 Flow characteristics of control valve 204 14.4.4 Flow coefficient of control valve 205 Questions and Exercises 205 Part IV System Control Technology 15 Computer Instrument Control System 207 15.1 Instrument Control System 207 15.1.1 Closed-Loop Control System 207 15.1.2 Analysis of Continuous Characteristics of Closed-Loop 208 15.1.3 Digital Discrete Analysis of Closed-Loop 208 15.1.4 Network Analysis of Closed-Loop Control System 209 15.2 Computer Control System 211 15.2.1 Development and Evaluation of Computer Control System 211 15.2.2 Centralized Control System 212 15.2.3 Distributed Control System 212 15.2.4 Distributed Control System 213 15.3 Development Trend of Computer Control System 214 15.3.1 Networking of Control System 214 15.3.2 Flattening of Control System 215 Questions and Exercises 216 16 Fieldbus Control System 218 16.1 Development of Fieldbus Control System 218 16.1.1 Generation of Fieldbus 218 16.1.2 The Development Process of Fieldbus System 218 16.1.3 Bottom-layer Bus System 219 16.1.4 Characteristics of Fieldbus Control System 220 16.2 Main Fieldbus Systems 221 16.2.1 CAN Bus System 221 16.2.2 LonWorks Bus System 223 16.2.3 ProfiBus Bus System 224 16.2.4 FF Bus System 225 16.3 Fieldbus Control System 227 16.3.1 Fieldbus Unit Equipment 227 16.3.2 Fieldbus Control System Structure 228 16.3.3 Fieldbus System Integration and Extension 229 16.4 Development Trend of Fieldbus Control System 232 16.4.1 Reconstruction of Control System Organization 232 16.4.2 Coordination of Control System Work 232 Questions and Exercises 233 Part V Modern Detection and Instrumentation Technology 17 Virtual Instrument 234 17.1 Concept and Development of Virtual Instrument 234 17.2 Virtual Instrument Structure and Hardware Module 235 17.3 Virtual Instrument Software Technology 237 Questions and Exercises 239 18 Soft Measurement Methods and Technologies 240 18.1 Overview of Soft Measurement 240 18.2 Soft Measurement Methods Based on Statistical Methods 241 18.3 Soft Measurement Methods Based on State Estimation 243 18.4 Soft Measurement Methods Based on Neural Network Technology 243 18.5 Application Examples of Soft Measurement Methods 244 Questions and Exercises 248 19 Multi-sensor Data Fusion Technology 249 19.1 Concept of Multi-sensor Data Fusion 249 19.2 Multi-sensor Data2.1.1 Analysis of the structure of display instruments 162 12.1.2 Principle of automatic balancing by potentiometer 163 12.1.3 Principle of automatic balancing by bridge 163 12.1.4 Principle of automatic balancing by differential transformer 164 12.2 Traditional display and recording instruments 164 12.2.1 Automatic balancing display instrument by potentiometer 164 12.2.2 Automatic balancing display instrument by bridge 165 12.3 Digital display and recording instruments 168 12.3.1 Digital analog hybrid recorder 168 12.3.2 Fully digital recorder 170 Questions and exercises 171 13 Adjustment control unit 172 13.1 Conventional control law 172 13.1.1 Typical control system 172 13.1.2 Basic control law 173 13.1.3 Conventional control law 174 13.1.4 The composition of practical PID control law 177 13.2 Implementation of the Control Law of the Regulator 179 13.2.1 Implementation of the PID Control Law of the DDZ-Ⅲ Regulator 179 13.2.2 Implementation of the Control Law of the Digital Regulator 184 13.3 Analysis of the Basic Circuit of the Conventional Regulator 186 13.3.1 Analysis of the Basic Circuit of the DDZ-Ⅲ Regulator 186 13.3.2 Analysis of the Basic Circuit of the Digital Regulator 187 13.4 Programmable Regulator 189 13.4.1 Working Principle of Programmable Regulator 189 13.4.2 Composition and Implementation of Program Control Law 191 13.5 Advanced Regulator 192 13.5.1 Enhanced Regulator 192 13.5.2 Improved PID Control Algorithm 194 Questions and Exercises 195 14 Execution Unit 197 14.1 Working Principle of Actuator 197 14.1.1 Classification and Comparison of Actuators 197 14.1.2 Basic structure and working principle of actuator 197 14.2 Pneumatic actuator 198 14.2.1 Basic structure of pneumatic actuator 198 14.2.2 Valve positioner 199 14.3 Electric actuator 200 14.4 Control valve 201 14.4.1 Working principle of control valve 201 14.4.2 Structure and classification of control valve 202 14.4.3 Flow characteristics of control valve 204 14.4.4 Flow coefficient of control valve 205 Questions and exercises 205 Part IV System Control Technology 15 Computer Instrument Control System 207 15.1 Instrument Control System 207 15.1.1 Closed-loop Control System 207 15.1.2 Continuous Characteristic Analysis of Closed-loop 208 15.1.3 Digital Discrete Analysis of Closed-loop 208 15.1.4 Network Analysis of Closed-loop Control System 209 15.2 Computer Control System 211 15.2.1 Development and evaluation of computer control systems 211 15.2.2 Centralized control systems 212 15.2.3 Distributed control systems 212 15.2.4 Distributed control systems 213 15.3 Development trends of computer control systems 214 15.3.1 Networked control systems 214 15.3.2 Flattening of control systems 215 Questions and exercises 216 16 Fieldbus control systems 218 16.1 Development of fieldbus control systems 218 16.1.1 The emergence of fieldbus 218 16.1.2 Development process of fieldbus systems 218 16.1.3 Bottom-level bus systems 219 16.1.4 Characteristics of fieldbus control systems 220 16.2 Main fieldbus systems 221 16.2.1 CAN bus system 221 16.2.2 LonWorks bus system 223 16.2.3 ProfiBus bus system 224 16.2.4 FF bus system 225 16.3 Fieldbus control system 227 16.3.1 Fieldbus unit equipment 227 16.3.2 Fieldbus control system structure 228 16.3.3 Fieldbus system integration and expansion 229 16.4 Development trend of fieldbus control system 232 16.4.1 Reconstruction of control system organization 232 16.4.2 Coordination of control system work 232 Questions and exercises 233 Part V Modern Detection and Instrumentation Technology 17 Virtual Instrument 234 17.1 Concept and development of virtual instrument 234 17.2 Structure and hardware module of virtual instrument 235 17.3 Software technology of virtual instrument 237 Questions and exercises 239 18 Soft measurement method and technology 240 18.1 Overview of soft measurement 240 18.2 Soft measurement method based on statistical method 241 18.3 Soft measurement method based on state estimation 243 18.4 Soft Sensing Method Based on Neural Network Technology 243 18.5 Application Examples of Soft Sensing Method 244 Questions and Exercises 248 19 Multi-sensor Data Fusion Technology 249 19.1 Concept of Multi-sensor Data Fusion 249 19.2 Multi-sensor Data2.1.1 Analysis of the structure of display instruments 162 12.1.2 Principle of automatic balancing by potentiometer 163 12.1.3 Principle of automatic balancing by bridge 163 12.1.4 Principle of automatic balancing by differential transformer 164 12.2 Traditional display and recording instruments 164 12.2.1 Automatic balancing display instrument by potentiometer 164 12.2.2 Automatic balancing display instrument by bridge 165 12.3 Digital display and recording instruments 168 12.3.1 Digital analog hybrid recorder 168 12.3.2 Fully digital recorder 170 Questions and exercises 171 13 Adjustment control unit 172 13.1 Conventional control law 172 13.1.1 Typical control system 172 13.1.2 Basic control law 173 13.1.3 Conventional control law 174 13.1.4 The composition of practical PID control law 177 13.2 Implementation of the Control Law of the Regulator 179 13.2.1 Implementation of the PID Control Law of the DDZ-Ⅲ Regulator 179 13.2.2 Implementation of the Control Law of the Digital Regulator 184 13.3 Analysis of the Basic Circuit of the Conventional Regulator 186 13.3.1 Analysis of the Basic Circuit of the DDZ-Ⅲ Regulator 186 13.3.2 Analysis of the Basic Circuit of the Digital Regulator 187 13.4 Programmable Regulator 189 13.4.1 Working Principle of Programmable Regulator 189 13.4.2 Composition and Implementation of Program Control Law 191 13.5 Advanced Regulator 192 13.5.1 Enhanced Regulator 192 13.5.2 Improved PID Control Algorithm 194 Questions and Exercises 195 14 Execution Unit 197 14.1 Working Principle of Actuator 197 14.1.1 Classification and Comparison of Actuators 197 14.1.2 Basic structure and working principle of actuator 197 14.2 Pneumatic actuator 198 14.2.1 Basic structure of pneumatic actuator 198 14.2.2 Valve positioner 199 14.3 Electric actuator 200 14.4 Control valve 201 14.4.1 Working principle of control valve 201 14.4.2 Structure and classification of control valve 202 14.4.3 Flow characteristics of control valve 204 14.4.4 Flow coefficient of control valve 205 Questions and exercises 205 Part IV System Control Technology 15 Computer Instrument Control System 207 15.1 Instrument Control System 207 15.1.1 Closed-loop Control System 207 15.1.2 Continuous Characteristic Analysis of Closed-loop 208 15.1.3 Digital Discrete Analysis of Closed-loop 208 15.1.4 Network Analysis of Closed-loop Control System 209 15.2 Computer Control System 211 15.2.1 Development and evaluation of computer control systems 211 15.2.2 Centralized control systems 212 15.2.3 Distributed control systems 212 15.2.4 Distributed control systems 213 15.3 Development trends of computer control systems 214 15.3.1 Networked control systems 214 15.3.2 Flattening of control systems 215 Questions and exercises 216 16 Fieldbus control systems 218 16.1 Development of fieldbus control systems 218 16.1.1 The emergence of fieldbus 218 16.1.2 Development process of fieldbus systems 218 16.1.3 Bottom-level bus systems 219 16.1.4 Characteristics of fieldbus control systems 220 16.2 Main fieldbus systems 221 16.2.1 CAN bus system 221 16.2.2 LonWorks bus system 223 16.2.3 ProfiBus bus system 224 16.2.4 FF bus system 225 16.3 Fieldbus control system 227 16.3.1 Fieldbus unit equipment 227 16.3.2 Fieldbus control system structure 228 16.3.3 Fieldbus system integration and expansion 229 16.4 Development trend of fieldbus control system 232 16.4.1 Reconstruction of control system organization 232 16.4.2 Coordination of control system work 232 Questions and exercises 233 Part V Modern Detection and Instrumentation Technology 17 Virtual Instrument 234 17.1 Concept and development of virtual instrument 234 17.2 Structure and hardware module of virtual instrument 235 17.3 Software technology of virtual instrument 237 Questions and exercises 239 18 Soft measurement method and technology 240 18.1 Overview of soft measurement 240 18.2 Soft measurement method based on statistical method 241 18.3 Soft measurement method based on state estimation 243 18.4 Soft Sensing Method Based on Neural Network Technology 243 18.5 Application Examples of Soft Sensing Method 244 Questions and Exercises 248 19 Multi-sensor Data Fusion Technology 249 19.1 Concept of Multi-sensor Data Fusion 249 19.2 Multi-sensor Data32 1642 Coordination of Control System Operation 232 Questions and Exercises 233 Part V Modern Detection and Instrumentation Technology 17 Virtual Instrument 234 171 Concept and Development of Virtual Instrument 234 172 Structure and Hardware Module of Virtual Instrument 235 173 Software Technology of Virtual Instrument 237 Questions and Exercises 239 18 Soft Measurement Methods and Technologies 240 181 Overview of Soft Measurement 240 182 Soft Measurement Method Based on Statistical Method 241 183 Soft Measurement Method Based on State Estimation 243 184 Soft Measurement Method Based on Neural Network Technology 243 185 Application Examples of Soft Measurement Methods 244 Questions and Exercises 248 19 Multi-sensor Data Fusion Technology 249 191 Concept of Multi-sensor Data Fusion 249 192 Multi-sensor Data32 1642 Coordination of Control System Operation 232 Questions and Exercises 233 Part V Modern Detection and Instrumentation Technology 17 Virtual Instrument 234 171 Concept and Development of Virtual Instrument 234 172 Structure and Hardware Module of Virtual Instrument 235 173 Software Technology of Virtual Instrument 237 Questions and Exercises 239 18 Soft Measurement Methods and Technologies 240 181 Overview of Soft Measurement 240 182 Soft Measurement Method Based on Statistical Method 241 183 Soft Measurement Method Based on State Estimation 243 184 Soft Measurement Method Based on Neural Network Technology 243 185 Application Examples of Soft Measurement Methods 244 Questions and Exercises 248 19 Multi-sensor Data Fusion Technology 249 191 Concept of Multi-sensor Data Fusion 249 192 Multi-sensor Data
You Might Like
Recommended ContentMore
Open source project More
Popular Components
Searched by Users
Just Take a LookMore
Trending Downloads
Trending ArticlesMore