A novel multi-output forward-flyback converter using post-stage regulation technology
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Abstract: The working principle of a novel multi-output forward-flyback converter with post-stage adjustment technology is analyzed in detail. The converter can output high power using the forward part of the circuit and low power using the flyback part. Therefore, the circuit combines the high efficiency of the forward converter with the low cost of the flyback converter. At the same time, the post-stage adjustment technology also ensures the accurate output of each winding. A 250W prototype verifies the characteristics of the converter. Keywords: multi-channel output; post-stage adjustment technology; forward-flyback converter; DC/DC 0 Introduction At present, many electronic devices not only require the power supply to provide two or more mutually isolated and highly regulated power supplies, but also require the power supply efficiency to be continuously improved and the power density to be continuously increased, thereby reducing the size of the circuit. The combination of these requirements puts forward higher requirements for power supply design. Generally speaking, any topology that uses transformer isolation and can provide multiple windings on the secondary side can be a candidate for a multi-output converter. Currently, from the perspective of low cost and relatively high efficiency, multi-output circuits mostly use multi-winding output forward converters or flyback converters. The flyback converter with multiple winding outputs is the simplest and easiest to implement among the multiple output circuits. It has many advantages, such as simple structure, low cost, and easy design. However, due to the low overall efficiency of this type of circuit, it is rarely used in applications above 150W. The characteristics of the forward converter are exactly opposite to those of the flyback converter. The converter has the advantage of high overall efficiency and is therefore widely used in high-power applications. However, since a freewheeling diode and filter inductor are added to the secondary side of the circuit, the cost will increase accordingly [1]. In actual circuit design, the following situation may occur: the output power is not evenly distributed on each output of a multi-output power supply. That is, one or two of the outputs require a particularly large output power, accounting for more than 80% of the total output power, while the other outputs are particularly small. If the total power of the entire circuit exceeds 150W. From the perspective of efficiency, a forward converter should be used in the circuit topology. However, if a forward circuit is used for each output, the cost of several low-power circuits will be too high and unnecessary. In view of this situation, this paper proposes a new type of multi-channel output forward-flyback converter. This converter can use the forward part of the circuit to output high power, and use the flyback part to output low power. It is a compromise between the forward converter and the flyback converter, and fully combines the high efficiency of the forward converter and the low cost of the flyback converter. Therefore, this circuit is particularly suitable for those occasions where the output power of each channel in the multi-channel output circuit is very different. At the same time, in order to enable each channel to have accurate output, the post-stage adjustment technology is also used in the output part circuit of the auxiliary circuit to accurately control the output voltage. 1 Working Principle FIG1 shows a block diagram of the multi-output forward-flyback converter. 
Figure 1: Multi-output forward-flyback converter using post-stage regulation technology This circuit uses the output filter inductor in the forward converter as the flyback transformer for other auxiliary output circuits. In the time period (1- D ) Ts , the energy distribution of the secondary inductor between the outputs is essentially the same as that of the flyback converter circuit (where D is the duty cycle of the main S1 and Ts is the switching period). Like ordinary flyback converters, without other post-stage adjustment measures added to the circuit, the adjustment rate of the other auxiliary outputs without feedback in this converter will be relatively poor, usually fluctuating around 10%. If each circuit is required to have an accurate output, the most common method is to add a linear voltage regulator chip (such as 7805, etc.) to the auxiliary output. However, this will bring huge power loss, so this method is only applicable to low output power occasions. In medium and high power occasions, the commonly used method is magnetic switch (magamp). However, in high frequency occasions, post-stage adjustment technology (SSPR) has more advantages [2]. Therefore, this article uses this technology to obtain accurate output voltage on other auxiliary output windings. For the flyback converter, when the main circuit is turned off, the energy is transferred from the primary inductor to the load side in the form of a current source. More importantly, there is no output inductor in the flyback converter, and the output voltage of each circuit is determined by the turns ratio of the transformer. That is, the main circuit output voltage and the auxiliary circuit output voltage in the flyback circuit are determined by formula (1). U o1 / N 1 = U o2 / N 2 (1) In this working mode, if the circuit is not adjusted, the voltage blocking characteristic of SSPR will not work at this point. Therefore, a "time-division multiplexing" mode is proposed in the literature [3]. In this mode, when the main tube is turned off, energy will be transmitted to different output branches in different time periods. In order to achieve the "time-division multiplexing" working state, equation (2) must be satisfied. U o1 / N 1 > U o2 / N 2 (2) Figure 2 shows several main working waveforms of the circuit. Figure 3 shows the equivalent circuit diagram of each stage of the converter using SSPR. 
Figure 2 Main working waveforms using the SSPR circuit ( ugs1 is the gate signal of the main switch S1.ugs2 is the gate signal of the auxiliary switch S2 ) 
(a ) Stage 1 DTs 
(b) Stage 2 D 1 T s 
(c) Stage 3 D 2 T s Figure 3 Equivalent circuit diagram of each stage The specific working process is described as follows. The main output U o1 of the circuit controls the opening time of the main tube through the feedback-controlled PWM, thereby determining the amount of energy transmitted to the secondary side of the transformer. The role of SSPR is to transmit this energy to different output branches in the (1- D ) T s time period, so as to achieve the purpose of distributing this part of energy between the two outputs U o1 and U o2 . "Time-division multiplexing" can be achieved by adjusting the blocking time of SSPR. Phase 1 Before time t1 , in the time period DTs , as shown in FIG3(a), the main conductor S1 is turned on, and part of the energy on the DC bus is stored in the output inductor L1 through the forward transformer, and the other part is transferred to the main output Uo1 . U L1 = U s1 = U in / n - U o1 (3) Where: n is the transformation ratio of the forward transformer T. Phase 2 After time t1 , in the time period D1Ts (D1 is the duty cycle of diode D2), as shown in Figure 3(b), the main S1 and diode D1 are turned off , and the SSPR blocks the auxiliary output. Therefore, at this time, only the diode D2 on the Uo1 branch is turned on. The voltage Us1 on the inductor L1 is clamped on the main output voltage Uo1 . U L1 =－U s1 =－U o1 (4) Phase 3 In the time period D 2 T s ( D 2 is the duty cycle of S 2 ), as shown in Figure 3(c), S 2 on the secondary side of the transformer has been triggered to turn on, and D 3 is also turned on. From equation (2), it can be seen that the voltage U s1 on L 1 will be clamped at N 1 U o2 / N 2 < U o1 , causing the main output diode D 1 to be reverse biased and cut off. U L1 =－U s1 =－N 1 U o2 / N 2 (5) In summary, the output inductor L1 of the forward converter not only transfers energy to Uo1 in phase 2 , but also acts as a flyback transformer to transfer energy to Uo2 in the D2Ts period . In a period of time , only one output branch obtains energy. The time period D 2 T s can be realized by the feedback control circuit of SSPR, while the time period DT s is realized by the PWM control of the forward circuit. Since D＋D 1＋D 2 =1, D 1 T s =(1－D－D 2 ) T s , then D 1 T s will be determined by DT s and D 2 T s . Therefore, this circuit will be able to obtain two precise output circuits U o1 and U o2 . Assuming that the current on the forward output inductor L1 is continuous, we can analyze from the volt-second balance of L1 and get ( U in / n－U o1 ) DT s = U o1 D 1 T s + ( N 1 U o2 / N 2 ) D 2 T s (6) In order to simplify formula (6), it is assumed that Δ U = U o1 - N 1 U o2 / N 2 (7) but U o1 =( U in / n -Δ U ) D +Δ U (8) D =  (9) 2 Experimental Results A 250W prototype with 2 outputs verifies the working principle and advantages of the converter. The specifications and main parameters of the converter are as follows: Input voltage Uin 220 ( 1 ± 20%) V; Main output voltage U o1 24V; Main output current I o 11～10A; Auxiliary circuit output voltage U o2 12V; Auxiliary circuit output current Io2 0 ～1A; Output power P o 250W; Working frequency f 100kHz; Main switch S 1 IRFP840; Rectifier diodes D1 , D2 MBR20200CT ; Rectifier diode D3 8TQ100 ; The turns ratio of the primary and secondary sides of the transformer TPQ3230 is 32:8; The primary-secondary turns ratio of inductor L1 is 40:25, and the magnetic core is A-548127-2 from ARNOLD. The control chip of SSPR is UCC3583 from TI. Figure 4 shows several key waveforms of the converter. These waveforms show that when the gate signal u gs2 is high, S2 is turned on, and the voltage u DS1 changes from the previous output voltage U o1 to the voltage N 1 U o2 / N 2 < U o1 (at this time, the waveform of u DS1 has a sudden drop). Diode D 1 is turned off due to reverse bias, and D 2 and S 2 begin to conduct. The characteristics of "time-division multiplexing" are quite obvious in Figure 4 (d). 
(a) u gs2 and u DS1 of S 2 (b) u gs2 and i D2 
(c) i D2 and u DS1 (d) i D2 and i D1 Figure 4 Experimental waveform Figure 5 shows the efficiency curve of the converter at different P o , with the highest reaching 92.4% and 89.36% at full load. 
Figure 5 Efficiency curves at different output powers Figure 6 shows the load regulation curve of the converter before and after the application of SSPR, which fully demonstrates that after the application of SSPR, the auxiliary output has a good regulation rate for all output states. 
(a) When the auxiliary output is unloaded 
(b) When the main output is unloaded Figure 6 Load regulation of auxiliary output U O2 3 Conclusion This paper proposes a novel multi-output forward-flyback converter using post-stage regulation (SSPR) technology. It combines the advantages of high efficiency of the forward converter and low cost of the flyback converter, while ensuring accurate output of each voltage. This circuit is particularly suitable for applications where the output power of each channel is very unbalanced and high efficiency and accurate output are required. A 250W prototype verifies its advantages. About the Author He Yingyan (1980-), male, is a master student at Zhejiang University. His research interests are power electronics and electrical transmission.
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