Following the structure of a stepper motor, this article will introduce the basic working principle of a stepper motor.
Basic working principle of stepper motor (single-phase excitation)
The following figure is used to introduce the basic working principle of the stepper motor. This is an example of the excitation of each phase (a group of coils) of a two-phase bipolar coil given in the previous article "Structure of a stepper motor". The premise of this figure is that the state changes from ① to ④. The coils are composed of coil 1 and coil 2 respectively. In addition, the current arrow indicates the direction of current flow.
①
・Make the current flow into the left side of coil 1 and out from the right side of coil 1.
・Do not allow current to flow through Coil 2.
・At this time, the inside of the left coil 1 becomes N, and the inside of the right coil 1 becomes S.
・Therefore, the permanent magnet in the middle is attracted by the magnetic field of coil 1, changes to the state of S on the left and N on the right, and stops.
②
・Stop the current in Coil 1 and make the current flow into Coil 2 from the upper side and out from the lower side.
・The inner side of the upper coil 2 becomes N, and the inner side of the lower coil 2 becomes S.
・The permanent magnet is attracted by its magnetic field and stops after rotating 90° clockwise.
③
・Stop the current in Coil 2 and let the current flow into Coil 1 from the right side and out of Coil 1 from the left side.
・The inside of the left coil 1 becomes S, and the inside of the right coil 1 becomes N.
・The permanent magnet is attracted by its magnetic field and rotates another 90° clockwise and stops.
④
・Stop the current in coil 1 and make the current flow into coil 2 from the bottom and out from the top.
・The inner side of the upper coil 2 becomes S, and the inner side of the lower coil 2 becomes N.
・The permanent magnet is attracted by its magnetic field and rotates another 90° clockwise and stops.
By switching the current flowing through the coils in the order of ① to ④ above through an electronic circuit, the stepper motor can be rotated. In this example, each switching action causes the stepper motor to rotate 90°. In addition, by continuously flowing current through a certain coil, the stepper motor can be kept in a stopped state and have a holding torque. By the way, if the order of the current flowing through the coils is reversed, the stepper motor can be rotated in the reverse direction.
Key Takeaways:
・In a two-phase bipolar stepping motor, sequentially exciting the coils phase by phase causes the stepping motor to rotate.
・The stepping motor can be rotated in the reverse direction by exciting it in the reverse order.
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Next article:Introduction to the characteristics of stepper motors
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