TL431 Characteristics and Applications TL431 Characteristics and Applications 1 Introduction to TL431 The TL431 produced by Texas Instruments (TI) is a three-terminal adjustable shunt reference source with good thermal stability. Its output voltage can be arbitrarily set to any value from Vref (2.5V) to 36 V using two resistors (as shown in Figure 2). The typical dynamic impedance of the device is 0.2Ω, and it can be used to replace the Zener diode in many applications, such as digital voltmeters, op amp circuits, adjustable voltage power supplies, switching power supplies, etc. The following are the pictures related to this topic: The following are the pictures related to this topic: The left picture is the symbol of the device. The 3 pins are: cathode (CATHODE), anode (ANODE) and reference terminal (REF). The specific functions of TL431 can be illustrated by the functional module shown in Figure 1. The following are the pictures related to this topic: As can be seen from the figure, VI is an internal 2.5V reference source connected to the inverting input of the op amp. From the characteristics of the op amp, it can be seen that only when the voltage at the REF terminal (non-inverting terminal) is very close to VI (2.5V), a stable non-saturated current will flow through the transistor, and with the slight change of the REF terminal voltage, the current through the transistor Figure 1 will change from 1 to 100mA. Of course, this diagram is by no means the actual internal structure of TL431, so it cannot be simply replaced by this combination. However, if you are designing, analyzing and applying the circuit of TL431, this module diagram is very helpful to open up ideas and understand the circuit. Some of the analysis in this article will also be based on this module. 2. Constant voltage circuit application The relevant pictures of this topic are as follows: As mentioned earlier, the TL431 contains a 2.5V reference voltage inside, so when the output feedback is introduced at the REF terminal, the device can control the output voltage through a wide range of shunting from the cathode to the anode. As shown in the circuit in Figure 2, when the resistance values of R1 and R2 are determined, the two introduce feedback to the voltage division of Vo. If Vo increases, the feedback amount increases, and the shunt of TL431 also increases, which in turn causes Vo to decrease. Obviously, this deep negative feedback circuit must be stable when VI is equal to the reference voltage, at which point Vo=(1+R1/R2)Vref. Select...
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