Electro4 Electromagnetism (Bilingual) Lecture Notes Chapter 4: Steady current and magnetic fields 4.1 Electromotive force and conduction 4.1.1 Current and resistance Free electrons in conductors: Free electrons in conductors are constantly moving and colliding with each other, just like molecules in a gas, and at the same time colliding with atoms in the lattice. If there is no applied electric field, the macroscopic average velocity of electron motion is zero. If there is an applied electric field E, the electron is subjected to a force of e E , and obtains an average velocity v in the opposite direction of the external field. This velocity is superimposed on the random motion velocity of the electron, so it is called the mean drift velocity. The mean drift velocity is equal to half of the additional velocity that the electron obtains between two collisions. Solid conductors are generally electrically neutral, and the atoms are positively charged and constrained in the lattice and cannot move. Liquids or gases conduct electricity, and there are two carriers with opposite polarities moving in the electric field. Current density: Definition of current density: It is a vector function of position. Its direction is the opposite direction of the average drift velocity v (because electrons are negatively charged). The magnitude is the amount of electricity passing through a unit vertical cross section per unit time. If the number of free electrons in a unit volume is N, then the current density j = Ne v. (4.1) The relationship between current density and current intensity (current): The net amount of electricity passing through the S surface in 1 second is equal to the integral of the current density j on the s surface I = ∫S jd S. (4.2) -1 The dimension of the current intensity I is [charge][time], and the unit is (measured in) amperes, recorded as A. The dimension of the current density j is [charge][time]-1[area]-1, and the unit is A m-2. Average drift…
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