Microcontroller teaching: Several difficult-to-grasp concepts for beginners of microcontrollers. With the rapid development of electronic technology, computers have deeply penetrated into our lives, and many electronics enthusiasts have begun to learn about microcontrollers, but the content of microcontrollers is relatively abstract. Compared with the analog circuits and digital circuits that electronics enthusiasts are already familiar with, there are some new concepts in microcontrollers. These concepts are so basic that most authors are generally unwilling to talk about them, and textbooks naturally will not explain these concepts in depth, but these contents must be understood in learning. Below, based on my own learning and teaching experience, I will explain these most basic concepts, and I hope it will be helpful to self-learners. 1. Bus: We know that a circuit is always made up of components connected by wires. In analog circuits, wiring is not a problem because the devices are generally in serial relationship and there are not many wires between the devices. However, computer circuits are different. They are based on microprocessors. All devices must be connected to the microprocessor and the work between the devices must be coordinated with each other, so a lot of wires are needed. If the microprocessor and the device are connected separately as in analog circuits, the number of wires will be amazing. Therefore, the concept of bus is introduced in microprocessors. All devices share the wires. All 8 data lines of all devices are connected to 8 common lines, which is equivalent to connecting all devices in parallel. However, this is not enough. If two devices send data at the same time, one is 0 and the other is 1, then what does the receiver receive? This situation is not allowed, so it is necessary to control through control lines to make the devices work in time-sharing mode. Only one device can send data at any time (multiple devices can receive data at the same time). The data line of the device is called the data bus, and all the control lines of the device are called the control bus. There are storage units inside the microcontroller or in external memory and other devices. These storage units must be assigned addresses before they can be used. The assigned addresses are of course given in the form of electrical signals. Since there are many storage units, there are also many lines for address assignment. These lines are called address buses. 2. Data, address, and instruction: The reason why these three are put together is because of the nature of these three...
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