Position detection device Position detection device is an important component of CNC machine tools. In closed-loop and semi-closed-loop control systems, its main function is to detect displacement and speed and send feedback signals to form closed-loop or semi-closed-loop control. CNC machine tools have the following requirements for position detection devices: (1) Reliable operation and strong anti-interference ability; (2) Meet the requirements of accuracy and speed; (3) Easy to install, convenient to maintain, and adapt to the working environment of the machine tool; Low cost. Position detection devices can be classified in the following ways according to different working conditions and measurement requirements: 5.1.1 Direct measurement and indirect measurement 1. Direct measurement Direct measurement is to install a linear detection device on the moving part to directly measure the linear displacement of the worktable as the position feedback signal of the full closed-loop servo system to form a position closed-loop control. Its advantages are high accuracy and good reliability. Its disadvantages are that the measuring device must be the same length as the worktable stroke, so it is subject to certain restrictions on large CNC machine tools. 2. Indirect measurement It is to install the rotary detection device on the drive motor shaft or ball screw, and indirectly measure the linear displacement of the machine tool table by detecting the angular displacement of the rotating part, which is used as the position feedback of the semi-closed loop servo system. The advantages are convenient measurement and no length limit. The disadvantage is that the transmission chain error of the conversion from rotary motion to linear motion is added to the measurement signal, which affects the measurement accuracy. 5.1.2 Digital measurement and analog measurement 1. Digital measurement It is to express the measured quantity in digital form. The measurement signal is generally a pulse, which can be directly sent to the CNC device for comparison and processing. The signal has strong anti-interference ability and simple processing. 2. Analog measurement It is to express the measured quantity with continuous variables, such as voltage change, phase change, etc. Its signal processing method is relatively complicated. 5.1.3 Incremental measurement and absolute measurement 1. Incremental measurement This measurement method is mostly used on contour control CNC machine tools. Incremental measurement only measures relative displacement. If the measurement unit is 0.001mm, a pulse signal is sent for every 0.001mm movement. Its advantage is that the measuring device is simpler, and any center point can be used as the starting point of the measurement. The displacement is obtained by counting and accumulating the measurement signal. However, once the count is wrong, the subsequent measurement results will be completely wrong. 2. Absolute measurement The absolute measuring device marks any position of the measured point from a fixed zero point, and each measured point has a corresponding measurement value. The structure of the measuring device is more complex than the incremental type. For example, in the encoder disk, there is a set of binary bits corresponding to each angular position of the encoder disk. Obviously, the higher the resolution accuracy requirement and the larger the range, the more binary bits are required and the more complex the structure.
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