The growing demand for clean energy and the large amount of untapped solar energy potential are driving the importance of solar energy conversion technology. As a result, there is a growing demand for solar cells that can convert sunlight directly into electricity. Solar, or photovoltaic (PV) cells are made of semiconductor materials that absorb photons from sunlight and release electrons, which produce an electric current when the cell is connected to a load. Characterizing the performance of a solar cell, including its output and its efficiency, requires a variety of measurement techniques. This electrical characterization is an important part of the research and development of photovoltaic cells and materials, as well as the manufacturing process. Some electrical tests performed on solar cells typically involve measuring their current and capacitance as a function of applied DC voltage. Capacitance measurements typically test the capacitance as a function of frequency or AC voltage. Some tests require pulsed current-voltage measurements. These measurements are usually performed under different light intensities and at different temperatures. A variety of important device parameters can be obtained from DC and pulsed current-voltage (IV) and capacitance-voltage (CV) measurements, including output current, conversion efficiency, maximum output power, doping density, resistivity, etc. Electrical characterization is very important in determining how to make the cell as efficient as possible with minimal losses.
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