Logic level compatibility and logic level conversion Logic level compatibility and logic level conversion Commonly used level conversion schemes (1) Transistor + pull-up resistor method It is a bipolar transistor or MOSFET, with a pull-up resistor connected to the positive power supply through the C/D pole. The input level is very flexible, and the output level is roughly the positive power supply level. (2) OC/OD device + pull-up resistor method Similar to 1). It is suitable for occasions where the device output is just OC/OD. (3) 74xHCT series chip boost (3.3V→5V) Any 5V CMOS device whose input is compatible with 5V TTL level can be used as a 3.3V→5V level converter. This is because the level of 3.3V CMOS is just compatible with 5V TTL level (coincidence), and the output level of CMOS is always close to the power supply level. Cheap options include the 74xHCT (HCT/AHCT/VHCT/AHCT1G/VHCT1G/...) series (the letter T means TTL compatibility). (4) Over-limit input voltage reduction method (5V→3.3V, 3.3V→1.8V, ...) Any logic device that allows the input level to exceed the power supply can be used to reduce the level. The \"over-limit\" here means exceeding the power supply. Many older devices do not allow the input voltage to exceed the power supply, but more and more new devices have removed this restriction (changing the input level protection circuit). For example, the 74AHC/VHC series chips, their datasheets clearly state that \"the input voltage range is 0~5.5V\". If a 3.3V power supply is used, 5V→3.3V level conversion can be achieved. (5) Dedicated level conversion chip The most famous one is 16424...
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