Today\'s networks all work in a layered manner. Currently, there are two common network layer standards: OSI and TCP/IP. OSI is a theoretical standard, and TCP/IP is a de facto standard in the industry. Since different local area networks have different network protocols and different transmission media have their own electrical properties, a unified network interconnection protocol must be established to enable different networks to be interconnected. To this end, ISO (International Organization for Standardization) proposed the basic framework of the network interconnection protocol, called the Open System Interconnection (OSI) reference model. It divides the functions of the entire network into seven layers. TCP/IP protocol (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) abbreviation. In order to achieve interconnection and intercommunication between heterogeneous networks, the Advanced Research Projects Agency of the U.S. Department of Defense DARPA vigorously funded the development of Internet technology and launched the current form of TCP/IP architecture and protocol between 1977 and 1979. It divides the network into 4 layers. The TCP/IP protocol has a very wide range of use and is the only protocol system currently used for heterogeneous network communications. It is suitable for connecting a variety of models and can be used for both local area networks and wide area networks. Many manufacturers\' computer operating systems and network operating system products use or contain TCP/IP protocols. The TCP/IP protocol has become the de facto international and industrial standard.
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