Derating application and \"secondary\" screening of electronic components Li Zhixin Xi\'an Microelectronics Technology Research Institute (Xi\'an 710054) 1 Introduction The application of components refers to the method of using components. In addition to requiring the components themselves to have the corresponding level of inherent reliability, whether they are used reasonably, that is, the method of use, also directly affects their actual (or on-site) reliability. According to relevant information and analysis by senior experts, half of the failures of electronic components in applications are related to the production and manufacturing of components, while almost the other half are caused by damage failures caused by improper use or improper storage and transmission. Such a large damage (or man-made failure) has attracted great attention from relevant people at home and abroad, and they have begun to explore ways to eliminate it to ensure the correct use of electronic components. Since this aspect involves a wide range of issues, it is impossible to discuss them one by one here. This article only briefly discusses some experiences and experiences from several aspects such as derating application and \"secondary\" screening, hoping to be helpful and reference for people engaged in related work. 2 Derating application of components Various components have their designed rated values. For example, the withstand voltage of capacitors, the power of resistors, the voltage and current of semiconductor devices, etc. The so-called rated value refers to the maximum stress value allowed by the design of components, generally refers to the ability of the device to withstand the stress without failure under a certain ambient temperature and a certain time range. In actual use, for the sake of \"safety\", the device should not be in the rated state for a long time, but should be \"away\" from this state depending on the importance or criticality of its application. This is derating. Derating can increase the reliability of components, extend the life of components, and benefit the quality of electronic products. According to relevant national and industry standards, the derating factor of electronic components can generally be between 0.5 and 0.9, and should be selected according to the required derating level. Some components, such as relays, have a derating factor of less than 0.4 or even less. When derating the components used in electronic products, the following problems may be encountered in actual work, which need to be discussed. 2.1 Insufficient derating Because there are often certain difficulties in the selection of components, inexperienced designers sometimes make incomplete considerations. It should be pointed out that the derating factor given in the relevant derating standard is only the value under normal temperature application. For some devices under specific high temperature conditions, such as tantalum capacitors, the derating caused by temperature effect should also be considered. For example, for a power supply output with a three-terminal regulator W78M12 at the end as shown in the figure below, the derating requirements for the solid tantalum filter capacitors C1 and C2 added before and after it are somewhat different. Careless designers simply select 25V150μF, thinking that the derating is sufficient and there will be no problem. The actual situation is that when the product is tested at high temperature (70℃±2℃), C1 often fails due to breakdown. Careful calculations found that there is a problem with the derating of the 25V withstand voltage electrolytic capacitor used in the C1 position. Considering the voltage difference of the three-terminal regulator, the designer increased the input voltage to 18V (actually even reached nearly 20V), and the derating factor at room temperature is: n=20V (use value)/25V (rated value)=0.8. However, when the measured ambient temperature is 70℃, the temperature inside the machine has reached above 90℃. At this time, the high-temperature leakage current of the electrolytic capacitor will increase significantly, and the temperature derating of its withstand voltage cannot be ignored. If the temperature withstand voltage derating is also 0.8, then: U′rated=25×0.8=20(V) At this time, the actual derating factor of the capacitor is: n′=20/20=1. This is a dangerous use state. The waveform pulsation factor of the power supply rectification has not been considered. If fluctuations and other clutter peaks are added, it is bound to cause the breakdown of the filter capacitor at the C1 position. After realizing the above situation, the C1 capacitor was replaced with a 35V 100μF, and the phenomenon of C1\'s easy failure disappeared during the high temperature test. 2.1 Excessive derating Over-derating without calculation during use is also not advisable. Excessive derating means that the stress conditions in actual use are much smaller than the rated value of the device. On the one hand, this increases the size and cost of the device, bringing difficulties to product design and structure, and on the other hand, it also has a very limited improvement in the reliability of the device. Some experts even believe that excessive derating puts the device in a very low stress level, close to a \"leisure\" state, which may have a negative impact. In fact, devices in a non-working state sometimes have a higher failure rate than devices in normal use.
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