Operational amplifiers are the building blocks of analog systems. They can provide gain, buffering, filtering, mixing, and a variety of computational functions. In a system block diagram, an operational amplifier is represented by a triangle with five connections: positive power supply, negative power supply, positive input, negative input, and output, as shown in Figure 1 (all images are at the end of this article). The power pins are used to power the device. They can be connected to a +/- 5V supply, or in special cases, a +10V supply and ground. The relationship between input and output is straightforward: Vout = A (Vin+ - Vin-). That is, the output voltage is equal to the amplifier gain (A) multiplied by the difference in the input voltage.
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