In almost every electronic device today, there is at least one digital integrated circuit. Applications as diverse as portable cell phones, ultrasonic machines, servers, and industrial control systems use digital integrated circuits to process data. A strong trend in digital integrated circuits—such as microprocessors, DSPs, FPGAs, and ASICs—is the development of Moore\'s Law: the number of transistors on an integrated circuit doubles approximately every two years. Over the past few decades, people have been working hard to shrink the geometry size (process node), which has been reduced from 1000nm in the late 1980s to 600nm, 250nm, 130nm, 90nm, and 65nm. The current 45nm process node allows semiconductor manufacturers to integrate more transistors into the same chip area. More transistors means you get more functions or improved performance in the same space, but everything has a trade-off.
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