Measurement technology for conducted EMI \"Conducted EMI\" refers to the transmission of part of the electromagnetic (RF) energy through external cables, power lines, and I/O interconnect interfaces as \"propagation waves\". This article will explain the impact of \"conducted noise\" on PCBs when RF energy is transmitted through power lines, as well as how to measure \"conducted EMI\" and the EMI limits of FCC and CISPR. Differential and common mode noise \"Conducted EMI\" can be divided into two categories: differential mode (DM) and common mode (CM). Differential mode is also called \"symmetric mode\" or \"normal mode\"; while common mode is also called \"asymmetric mode\" or \"ground leakage mode\". The noise generated by EMI is also divided into two categories: differential mode noise and common mode noise. In short, differential mode noise occurs when the current directions of two power supply lines are opposite to each other, as shown in Figure 1(a). Common mode noise occurs when the current direction of all power supply lines is the same, as shown in Figure 1(b). Generally speaking, differential mode signals are usually what we want because they can carry useful data or signals; while common mode signals (noise) are unwanted side effects or \"by-products\" of differential mode circuits, which are the biggest problem of EMC. From Figure 1, it can be clearly seen that most of the common mode noise is caused by improper grounding of \"stray capacitors\". This is why the common mode is also called \"ground leakage mode\". In Figure 2, L means \"live\" or \"phase\", N means \"neutral\", E means \"safe ground or ground wire\"; EUT means \"equipment under test\". Below the E, there is a ground symbol. It uses the \"Protective Earth\" symbol defined by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) (with a circle around the ground wire), and is sometimes annotated with \"PE\". The DM noise source pushes and pulls the current Idm through the L and N dual wires. Because of the presence of the DM noise source, no current flows through the ground line. The direction of the noise current changes according to the cycle of the AC current.
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