| 1. Research Background Over the past 20 years of reform and opening up, my country's electronic information industry has been growing rapidly at a rate three times higher than the national economy. In 2004, the added value of the electronic information industry reached 565 billion yuan, accounting for 4.1% of the GDP, and sales revenue was 2.65 trillion yuan, making it the world's second largest electronic information industry country after the United States. The export of electronic information products exceeded 200 billion US dollars, accounting for about 1/3 of the country's exports and about 15% of the world's total electronic information product exports. my country has become a major electronic information industry country in the world, but the electronic information industry is facing the coexistence of rapid industrial growth and long-term control of core technologies by others, the coexistence of industrial scale expansion and low efficiency, and the coexistence of large foreign investment and the absence of large local enterprises. Overall, my country's electronic information industry is large but not strong. After joining the WTO, the contradiction between the scale and quality of China's electronic information industry has further intensified, and international trade disputes surrounding electronic information products have continued to increase. In recent years, trade disputes have arisen between China and its trading partners over products such as color TVs, integrated circuits, DVDs, optical fibers, and optical disks. With the rapid development of China's electronic information industry, more trade disputes will arise in the future. Actively responding to various possible trade disputes and enhancing the international competitiveness of the electronic information industry have become important means for the government to promote the sustainable and healthy development of the industry. Establishing an industrial damage early warning mechanism has become an important way for the government to respond to trade disputes in a timely and effective manner. Conducting investigations and evaluations on the international competitiveness of my country's industries is a pre-emptive and extension of industrial damage early warning work, which will have a positive and far-reaching impact on the establishment of a damage early warning mechanism for my country's electronic information industry and the promotion of industrial development. 2. Competitiveness Analysis of Electronic Information Industry The main body of this project's research on the competitiveness of China's electronic information industry is domestic enterprises that produce electronic information products (including wholly foreign-owned enterprises, joint ventures, state-owned and private enterprises), and the main research is on four electronic information sub-industries, including computers, communication equipment manufacturing, audio-visual, and electronic components. The analysis of the competitiveness of the electronic information industry is mainly conducted from three different perspectives. First, the Boston Matrix method is used to analyze the international competitiveness of the four industries of computers, communication equipment manufacturing, audio-visual, and electronic components; second, an industrial competitiveness model is constructed to analyze and evaluate the internal competitiveness differences of the four industries of computers, communication equipment manufacturing, audio-visual, and electronic components; third, from the perspective of micro-enterprises, a comparative analysis is made between local enterprises and international multinational companies in the fields of computers, communication equipment manufacturing, audio-visual, and electronic components in my country. 1. Analysis of the international competitiveness of the industry The project first used the Boston Matrix method to analyze the international competitiveness of my country's computer, communication equipment manufacturing, audio-visual, and electronic components industries. The results are as follows: Computer industry: China's computer industry is in the star product area and is in a period of rapid growth. The results of the Boston Matrix analysis show that the computer products of China, Malaysia and Taiwan are in the star product area, and their product exports account for a large share of global trade, with strong export momentum. The computer products of the United States, Japan and Singapore are in the Taurus product area, and their products occupy an important position in global trade, but their growth is weak. The computer products of the United Kingdom, France, Canada, South Africa, Mexico and Israel are in the dog area, and their industry competitiveness is relatively weak. The computer products of Germany, Sweden and South Korea are in the children's area, and their products account for a small share of global trade, but their growth is relatively fast. It can be seen that China's computer industry is in a period of rapid growth, and its product exports are very competitive. But at the same time, my country is also facing challenges from countries or regions such as Malaysia, Taiwan, Germany and South Korea. 
Boston Matrix of Computer Products Exports in Some Countries (Regions) of the World
Communication equipment manufacturing industry: China's communication equipment manufacturing industry has just entered the star area from the children's area, and its export competitiveness needs to be further strengthened. The results of the Boston Matrix analysis show that the communication products of China, South Korea, Germany and France are in the star product area, the communication products of the United States, Japan and the United Kingdom are in the gold bull product area, the communication products of Sweden, Canada, South Africa, Mexico, Malaysia and Israel are in the dog area, and the communication products of Singapore and Taiwan are in the children's area. It can be seen that China's communication equipment manufacturing industry is in a stage of rapid growth and its product export competitiveness is very strong. However, it should also be noted that although my country's communication products currently have a large share of the international market and a high export growth rate, the traces of the transition from the children's area are still relatively obvious, and it has not been long since it entered the star area from the children's area (China's communication products were still in the children's area in 1999). The export competitiveness of communication products needs to be further strengthened, and there is a lot of room for improvement. At this stage, South Korea, Germany, France, Taiwan, Japan, Sweden and other countries or regions will compete fiercely with my country in the international market.
Boston Matrix of Communication Products Exports in Some Countries (Regions) of the World
Audiovisual industry: China's audiovisual industry is in the star product area, and its products have strong export competitiveness. The results of the Boston Matrix analysis show that China and Mexico's consumer electronics products are in the star product area, Japan and Malaysia's consumer electronics products are in the bull product area, the UK, France, the US, Singapore, Israel, Sweden and Taiwan's consumer electronics products are in the dog area, and South Africa, Canada, Germany and South Korea's consumer electronics products are in the children's area. Overall, China's audiovisual industry is in a period of rapid growth, and its products are very competitive in export.
Boston Matrix of Consumer Electronics Exports in Some Countries (Regions) of the World
Components industry: China's components industry is in the children's zone, and its export competitiveness is relatively weak. The results of the Boston Matrix analysis show that the components products of Taiwan, Malaysia, Singapore and South Korea are in the star zone, the components products of Japan and the United States are in the gold bull product zone, the consumer electronics products of the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Sweden, Mexico and Israel are in the dog zone, and the components products of China and South Africa are in the children's zone. It can be seen that China's components industry is in its infancy, and its product export competitiveness is still weak, but it has great growth potential. Countries or regions such as South Korea, Malaysia, Singapore and Taiwan will compete fiercely with my country in the international market.
Boston Matrix of Components Exports to Some Countries (Regions) in the World
Summary: From the Boston Matrix analysis, my country's computer, communication equipment manufacturing, audio-visual industry, etc. are in the star zone, and product exports account for a high proportion in the world, while still maintaining a relatively fast growth. However, it should be noted that this evaluation evaluates foreign-funded enterprises, joint ventures, state-owned enterprises, and private enterprises in the field of domestic electronic information industry as a whole, reflecting that the computer, communication equipment manufacturing, and audio-visual industries have strong competitiveness. Since the development of my country's electronic information industry is mainly foreign-funded, the strong competitiveness of my country's computer, communication equipment manufacturing, and audio-visual industries mainly comes from the contribution of foreign-funded enterprises. my country's component industry is in the children's zone. Although it has grown rapidly in recent years, its share in the world is very good, and the international competitiveness of the industry is relatively weak. The competitiveness of the whole machine industry (computer, communication equipment manufacturing, audio-visual) is strong, while the competitiveness of the component industry is weak. This pattern also objectively reflects the reality that my country's electronic information industry is still in the processing and assembly stage.
2. Evaluation and analysis of cross-industry competitiveness within the electronic information industry The research team selected 4 primary indicators and 12 secondary indicators, including: 1. Resource conversion capability index (total labor productivity index, sales profit margin index, added value rate index, domestic market size share index), 2. International trade index (international market share index, trade competitiveness index), 3. Development potential index (industry technology equipment level index, industry key technology level index, new product index) 4. Industrial development environment index (investment environment, industrial cluster, trade environment), and constructed a mathematical model for analysis and evaluation. The weight of each indicator was determined by the Delphi method and the evaluation matrix. After calculation, the following conclusions were drawn: In terms of resource conversion capability, the four industries are ranked in order of strength: communications (0.922), computers (0.73), audio-visual (0.50), and components (0.45); in terms of international trade, the order of international trade competitiveness is audio-visual (0.35), computers (0.27), communications (0.17), and components (-0.26), among which the international trade competitiveness of components lags far behind the other three industries; in terms of industrial development potential, the four industries have similar development potentials, and the order of development potentials is audio-visual (0.61), communications (0.60), computers (0.48), and components (0.47); in terms of industrial development environment, the four industries have similar development environments, and the order of development environment is computers (0.84), audio-visual (0.79), components (0.78), and communications (0.77). Overall, the competitiveness of the four industries is ranked as follows: communications (0.58), computers (0.54), audio-visual (0.53), and components (0.30). Among them, the competitiveness of the communications, computers, and audio-visual industries is relatively close, but the competitiveness of the components industry is far lower than the other three industries. (III) Analysis of enterprise competitiveness The sustained rapid growth of my country's electronic information industry is based on the large-scale entry of foreign capital. The industry's strong international competitiveness mainly relies on multinational corporations. However, judging from the competitiveness of local enterprises in major industries, there is still a large gap with multinational corporations. In general, the scale of my country's electronic enterprises is far lower than that of foreign multinational corporations, and they lag far behind multinational corporations in terms of operating income, operating profit margin and R&D investment. Among the world's top 500 companies in 2004, there were 36 electronic information product manufacturing companies, but not a single Chinese company. In terms of operating income, the total operating income of my country's top 100 electronic companies in 2005 was US$98.57 billion, slightly higher than the level of IBM in the same year (US$96.3 billion), and 1/7 of the operating income of the top 10 electronic companies in the world's top 500 in 2005 (US$719.62 billion). The operating income of the top 10 electronic companies in 2005 only accounted for 6.8% of the top 10 electronic companies in the world's top 500. Haier Group, which ranked first among my country's top 100 companies in 2005, had an operating income of US$12.28 billion in 2004, which was only 1/8 of IBM's in the same period. In terms of operating profit margin, the operating profit margins of the top 100 electronic information companies in my country, except for Shenzhen Huawei and ZTE, are all less than 5%, and the profit margins of 4 of them are below 2%, while the profit margins of Microsoft, Intel, Samsung Electronics, Nokia, and Dell were 28.0%, 21.9%, 18.8%, 14.7%, and 8.8% respectively in 2004. In terms of R&D investment, in 2005, the top 100 electronic companies in my country invested a total of US$3.76 billion in R&D in 2004, while the R&D investment of multinational companies such as IBM, Intel, Samsung, Microsoft, and Nokia in the same period exceeded US$5 billion. In the computer field, the sales revenue gap between Chinese enterprises and multinational corporations is large, but the sales profit margin gap is small. We selected HP and Dell, two of the world's top 500 companies, and Lenovo and Founder, the top computer companies in China's top 100 electronics companies in 2005, for comparative analysis. In terms of operating revenue, Lenovo's sales revenue in 2004 was US$5.07 billion, equivalent to 1/16 and 1/10 of HP and Dell, respectively. In terms of sales profit margin, domestic enterprises are basically equivalent to multinational corporations. In the field of communication equipment manufacturing, there is a big gap in sales revenue between Chinese enterprises and multinational companies, but the sales profit margin and the proportion of R&D investment to sales revenue are basically the same. Huawei, ZTE, Nokia and Motorola are selected for comparison. In terms of sales revenue, there is a big gap. Huawei's sales revenue in 2004 was US$3.81 billion, which was equivalent to 1/10 and 1/8 of Nokia and Motorola respectively. In terms of sales profit margin, the gap between domestic and foreign enterprises is small. Huawei's sales profit margin in 2004 was as high as 15.9%, exceeding the two multinational companies, and ZTE's sales profit margin in 2004 was also 1.4 percentage points higher than Motorola. In terms of R&D investment, the proportion of R&D to sales revenue of the four Chinese and foreign companies is basically the same, especially Huawei's R&D investment is as high as 12.6%, only 0.1 percentage point behind Nokia and nearly 3 percentage points higher than Motorola. In the audio-visual industry, Chinese enterprises have a large gap in sales revenue and R&D expenditure compared with multinational companies, but the gap in the proportion of R&D expenditure to sales is relatively small. We selected domestic Haier, TCL, and Shanghai Media Group for comparison with two multinational companies, Panasonic and Sony. In terms of sales revenue, there is a large gap between domestic enterprises and Panasonic and Sony. In 2005, the sales revenue of Haier, the largest audio-visual enterprise in my country, accounted for only 15.6% of Panasonic. In terms of R&D investment, the R&D expenditure of Haier, TCL, and Shanghai Media Group among domestic audio-visual enterprises lags far behind Panasonic and Sony, but the gap in the proportion of R&D expenditure to sales revenue is relatively small. The R&D investment of Chinese audio-visual enterprises has been continuously strengthened. In the field of integrated circuit industry, the sales revenue of Chinese enterprises is far lower than that of multinational corporations. In terms of manufacturing enterprises, the total sales revenue of my country's top ten semiconductor enterprises in 2005 was US$2.09 billion in 2004, which is less than 1/14 of the sales revenue of INTEL, the world's largest semiconductor enterprise, in 2004, and accounts for 1.9% of the total sales revenue of the world's top ten semiconductor enterprises in 2004 (US$109.38 billion). In terms of integrated circuit design enterprises, the total sales revenue of my country's top ten integrated circuit design enterprises in 2005 was US$445.6 million in 2004, which is less than 1/7 of the sales revenue of Qualcomm, the world's largest IC design enterprise, in 2004, and accounts for about 2.54% of the total sales revenue of the world's top ten IC design enterprises in 2004 (US$17.55 billion). In general, my country's local electronic information enterprises have a large gap with multinational corporations in terms of enterprise scale, profitability, R&D strength, brand building, marketing channels, etc., and it is still difficult for them to compete comprehensively with multinational corporations as a whole. However, they already have strong competitive advantages in some areas. 3. Analysis of factors and emergencies affecting the development of the electronic information industry The development of my country's electronic information industry and its competitiveness are also affected by some major events, policies and other unexpected factors at home and abroad. 1. Fulfill the ITA agreement. After my country joined the WTO, it gradually reduced tariffs on related electronic information products in accordance with the commitments of the ITA agreement. By the beginning of 2005, my country had fulfilled its commitment to reduce tariffs on all products covered by the ITA to zero. With the cancellation of the corresponding tariffs on ITA products, more foreign companies will be attracted to invest, increase imports, and then expand exports, although this will also put pressure on the development of domestic industries to a certain extent. Some developed countries, including Japan and the United States, are proposing to expand the scope of products covered by the ITA agreement, which may include consumer electronics products that were not previously included in the ITA products. This move will have an impact on my country's consumer electronics products, especially the development of my country's high-end televisions. 2. Establishment of China-ASEAN Free Trade Area. In November 2004, at the 8th China-ASEAN Leaders' Meeting, the two sides signed the China-ASEAN Free Trade Area Agreement on Trade in Goods and Agreement on Dispute Settlement Mechanism. The establishment of China-ASEAN Free Trade Area is of great significance to accelerating the improvement of the competitiveness of my country's electronic information industry. First, tariff reduction and facilitation under the framework of the free trade area will expand the export of my country's electronic information products. Secondly, the establishment of the free trade area will help promote industrial division of labor and accelerate industrial development. China and ASEAN member countries have their own advantages and characteristics, and the complementarity of industrial development is relatively obvious. In addition, the establishment of the free trade area will also help reduce the restrictions on cooperation between the two sides in the field of electronic information industry and expand enterprises' overseas investment. 3. Adjustment of export tax rebate rate. In 2004, my country adjusted the export tax rebate rate of electronic information products twice. The first adjustment was at the beginning of the year. According to the "Decision on Reforming the Existing Export Tax Rebate Mechanism" issued by the State Council in October 2003, the export tax rebate rate of most electronic information products was reduced from 17% to 13% from January 1, 2004, including the top five electronic products exported in 2003: monitors, mobile phones, integrated circuits, laser disc players and printers. Export tax rebates are the result of tax coordination in international trade practices. The higher the export tax rebate rate, the more conducive it is to the development of domestic industries. Therefore, the reduction of the export tax rebate rate of electronic information products in early 2004 had a certain adverse effect on industrial development and exports. The second adjustment of the export tax rebate rate was at the end of 2004. The Ministry of Finance and the State Administration of Taxation jointly issued a notice that the export tax rebate rate for some information technology products would be restored from 13% to 17% from November 1, 2004. The IT products involved include integrated circuits, discrete devices (part), etc. The policy adjustment has reduced the production costs of enterprises, increased the confidence of foreign investors in investing in China, and is conducive to attracting more funds to enter the integrated circuit and other industries that need support. At the same time, it reflects the country's encouragement for mobile phones and other communication equipment products to "go global", which is conducive to improving the competitiveness of the industry. However, the export tax rebate rate for consumer electronic products such as home appliances has not increased. 4. Intellectual property disputes. With the rapid expansion of my country's electronic information industry and export scale, my country's electronic information enterprises and related products have been increasingly sued and involved in disputes in the name of intellectual property protection by foreign companies, ranging from consumer electronic products such as DVDs to communication products such as mobile phones, and computer products such as digital cameras. 5. Technical trade barriers. The main forms of technical trade barriers imposed by foreign countries on my country include: formulating technical regulations, such as the Directive 2002/96/EC on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment and the Directive 2002/95/EC on the Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment, adopted by the European Parliament and the Council in January 2003. These two regulations have become formal laws within the EU since February 13, 2003. The formulation and implementation of the two regulations will prevent some electronic information products that do not meet the regulations from entering the EU market, while increasing the cost of my country's products exported to the EU, but at the same time, it will also prompt my country's electronic information companies to improve raw materials and processes, and increase the recovery and recycling rate of waste electronic and electrical products, so as to reduce pollution to the environment and improve the utilization rate of natural resources. IV. Relevant policy recommendations The overall goal of the development of my country's electronic information industry in the future is to achieve the transformation from a large country to a strong country in the electronic information industry. In order to achieve this goal, the following policy recommendations are put forward: First, further promote the strategy of large companies and build micro-subjects of the electronic powerhouse; The second is to enhance the cluster competitiveness of the industry and build a regional carrier for a strong electronics country; The third is to break through the technical bottlenecks of core industries and establish a strong electronic technology system; Fourth, strengthen the weak links in the industrial chain and improve the level of international division of labor in the industry; Fifth, clarify the priority of the information industry and improve the national fiscal and taxation policies; Sixth, promote coordination and cooperation among relevant departments and establish a mechanism to deal with trade disputes. *The fourth of the series of results of the Industry International Competitiveness Investigation and Evaluation Project of the Industrial Injury Investigation Bureau of the Ministry of Commerce |
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