A detailed description of the development history of Bluetooth technology from 1.0 to 5.0
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At present, Bluetooth has become one of the largest wireless communication technologies, and is used in various products such as smart home, consumer electronics, smart wearable devices, instruments and meters, smart transportation, smart medical care, security equipment, automotive equipment, remote control, etc., and has penetrated into various industries and fields. Bluetooth has been integrated into every aspect of our lives, quietly changing our living habits and making our daily lives more convenient.
Perhaps few people know that the word Bluetooth comes from the 10th century Danish King Harald Bluetooth. The person who associated "Bluetooth" with the later wireless communication technology standard was Jim Kardach, an engineer from Intel. At a wireless communication industry conference, he proposed to use "Bluetooth" as the name of the wireless communication technology standard.
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What is Bluetooth
In short, Bluetooth technology enables wireless communication between various digital devices, making the desktop with scattered wires a thing of the past. With Bluetooth wireless technology, you can easily connect your computer and portable devices, mobile phones and other peripherals to each other wirelessly within a distance of 9 meters (30 feet).
Compared with other wireless technologies such as infrared, wireless 2.4G, and WiFi, Bluetooth has many advantages such as perfect encryption measures, stable transmission process, and rich compatible devices. Especially today when the authorization threshold is gradually lowered, Bluetooth technology has begun to be truly popularized in all digital devices. However, Bluetooth has not been perfect along the way. From 1.0 to 4.2 and now to 5.0, it is an extraordinary journey.
Image source: BlueAPP
A brief history of Bluetooth
The history of Bluetooth actually dates back to World War II. The core of Bluetooth is short-range radio communication, which is based on the frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) technology, which was proposed by Hollywood actress Hedy Lamarr and pianist George Antheil in a patent application in August 1942. They were inspired by the number of keys on a piano and used 88 different carrier frequencies to control torpedoes. Since the transmission frequency is constantly jumping, it has certain confidentiality and anti-interference capabilities.
At first, this technology did not attract the attention of the US military. It was not until the 1980s that the military used it in wireless communication systems on the battlefield. Frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) technology later played a key role in solving wireless data reception and transmission problems in Bluetooth, WiFi, and 3G mobile communication systems.
Bluetooth technology began as a solution created by Ericsson in 1994 to study low-power, low-cost wireless communication between mobile phones and other accessories. The inventor hoped to create a set of unified rules (standardized protocols) for wireless communication between devices to solve the communication problems of incompatible mobile electronic devices between users, and to replace the RS-232 serial communication standard.
Bluetooth technology evolution history
First Generation Bluetooth: Early Exploration of Short-Range Communications
1999: Bluetooth 1.0
Early Bluetooth 1.0 A and 1.0B versions had multiple problems, and several manufacturers pointed out that their products were incompatible with each other. At the same time, during the "handshaking" process of two devices, the Bluetooth hardware address (BD_ADDR) will be sent out, which cannot be anonymous at the protocol level, causing the risk of data leakage.
Therefore, when version 1.0 was released, Bluetooth was not immediately widely used. In addition to the small number of electronic devices that supported Bluetooth functions at the time, Bluetooth devices were also very expensive.
2001: Bluetooth 1.1
Bluetooth version 1.1 was officially included in the IEEE 802.15.1 standard, which defines the physical layer (PHY) and media access control (MAC) specifications for wireless connections between devices with a transmission rate of 0.7Mbps. However, because it is an early design, it is easily interfered by products on the same frequency, affecting communication quality.
2003: Bluetooth 1.2
In response to the security issues exposed by version 1.0, Bluetooth version 1.2 has improved the anonymity method and added a new function to shield the hardware address (BD_ADDR) of the device to protect users from identity sniffing attacks and tracking. At the same time, it is backward compatible with version 1.1.
Second-generation Bluetooth: The EDR era with high transmission rates
2004: Bluetooth 2.0
Bluetooth 2.0 is an improved version of version 1.2. The newly added EDR (Enhanced Data Rate) technology enables the transmission rate of Bluetooth devices to reach 3Mbps by improving the ability of multi-tasking and simultaneous operation of multiple Bluetooth devices.
Bluetooth 2.0 supports duplex mode: voice communication can be carried out while transferring documents/high-quality pictures.
2007: Bluetooth 2.1
Bluetooth 2.1 adds the Sniff Subrating power saving function, which extends the signal transmission interval for mutual confirmation between devices from the old version of 0.1 second to about 0.5 seconds, thereby significantly reducing the workload of the Bluetooth chip.
Third generation Bluetooth: High Speed, transmission rate up to 24Mbps
2009: Bluetooth 3.0
Bluetooth 3.0 has added an optional technology, High Speed, which allows Bluetooth to call 802.11 WiFi for high-speed data transmission. The transmission rate is as high as 24Mbps, which is 8 times that of Bluetooth 2.0. It can easily realize data transmission between VCR to HDTV, PC to PMP, UMPC to printer.
The core of Bluetooth 3.0 is AMP (Generic Alternate MAC/PHY), a new alternate radio frequency technology that allows the Bluetooth protocol stack to dynamically select the correct radio frequency for any task.
In terms of power consumption, Bluetooth 3.0 introduced EPC enhanced power control technology, supplemented by 802.11, which significantly reduced the actual idle power consumption.
In addition, the new specification also adds UCD unidirectional broadcast connectionless data technology to improve the response capabilities of Bluetooth devices.
The fourth generation of Bluetooth: focusing on "Low Energy"
2010: Bluetooth 4.0
Bluetooth 4.0 is the first Bluetooth comprehensive protocol specification to date, integrating three specifications. The most important change is the BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy) low-power function, which proposes three modes: low-power Bluetooth, traditional Bluetooth and high-speed Bluetooth.
2013: Bluetooth 4.1
Bluetooth 4.1 has little change in transmission speed and transmission range, but has obvious improvements in software. The purpose of this update is to make Bluetooth Smart technology finally become the core driving force for the development of the Internet of Things.
2014: Bluetooth 4.2
The transmission speed of Bluetooth 4.2 is faster, 2.5 times faster than the previous generation, because the capacity of Bluetooth Smart data packets has increased, and the amount of data it can accommodate is about 10 times that of the previous generation.
The fifth generation of Bluetooth: Opening the door to the era of the "Internet of Things"
2016: Bluetooth 5.0
Bluetooth 5.0 has faster and farther transmission capabilities in low-power mode. The transmission rate is twice that of Bluetooth 4.2 (the upper limit is 2Mbps), the effective transmission distance is four times that of Bluetooth 4.2 (theoretically up to 300 meters), and the data packet capacity is eight times that of Bluetooth 4.2.
It supports indoor positioning and navigation functions, and combined with WiFi, it can achieve indoor positioning with an accuracy of less than 1 meter.
We optimize the underlying layer of IoT and strive to provide smart home services with lower power consumption and higher performance.
Internet of Things: Bluetooth Technology's New Home
Since 1998, the Bluetooth protocol has been updated many times, from audio transmission, image and text transmission, video transmission, to low-power IoT data transmission. On the one hand, it maintains the backward compatibility of Bluetooth devices, and on the other hand, Bluetooth is being used in more and more IoT devices.
According to SIG's market report, by the end of 2018, global Bluetooth device shipments will reach 4 billion, including: mobile phones, tablets and PC shipments this year will reach 2 billion, audio and entertainment equipment shipments will reach 1.2 billion, 86% of cars shipped worldwide will have Bluetooth capabilities, smart home Bluetooth device shipments will reach 650 million, smart buildings, smart cities, smart industries, etc. will all become potential tracks in the future.
As Bluetooth technology matures, the threshold for long-distance and multi-device communication between devices has been greatly reduced, bringing greater imagination space for future IOT. This technology, which came out 20 years ago, will continue to flourish in the future.
Bluetooth versions have been around since version 0.7 in 1998, and there have been 15 versions so far. Bluetooth has been a low-power Bluetooth version since version 4.0. Since the latest Bluetooth 5.1 version has not yet been popularized, most products currently use Bluetooth 5.0/4.2/4.0 technology. Yuanan IoT's independently developed low-power Bluetooth 5.0 standard smart gateway has faster data transmission capabilities, longer coverage distances, and higher indoor positioning accuracy. Combined with BLE5.0's MESH self-organizing networking capabilities, it realizes flexible networking of Bluetooth terminals and greatly expands the coverage of low-power services.
Yuanan IoT focuses on redefining the Internet of Things with new technologies of intelligence and security, and is dedicated to the research and development of IoT access products, IoT security products, and IoT platforms. Using Yuanan IoT's Bluetooth smart gateway indoor positioning technology, it can be widely used in a variety of IoT application scenarios including smart shopping malls, new retail, smart hospitals, and wireless engineering surveys.
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