In the first chapter of this paper, the synchronization and metastable problems under cross-clock domains are summarized. In the second chapter, the basic issues that need to be considered in clock synchronization are introduced. In the third chapter, several commonly used synchronization methods are carefully analyzed. Including the use of GPS global positioning system, network NTP protocol, IEEEl588 protocol, etc. Several mature synchronization methods are compared, and their application fields and advantages and disadvantages are analyzed. In the fourth chapter, two synchronization examples implemented in the project are described. One uses 485 half-duplex bus to send trigger signals, and further improves the synchronization accuracy by measuring the transmission delay. The other is to achieve synchronization accuracy within tens of us by software under Ethernet topology by modifying the system kernel and software protocol stack. In the fifth chapter, the difference between synchronization methods in wireless networks and traditional methods is introduced, and three commonly used synchronization methods in wireless sensor networks are analyzed. Chapter 6 of the paper introduces metastable phenomena and their causes. In particular, the situation where the R and S ends of the RS trigger are flipped at the same time, causing the trigger output to enter oscillation. The static timing analysis (STA) commonly used in FPGA design is introduced. Chapter 7 discusses the calculation and measurement methods of metastability from a statistical perspective, introduces the derivation and measurement of mean time between failures (MTBF), and especially gives the method of measuring MTBF in FPGA. Chapter 8 introduces various methods of dealing with metastability in practical applications in detail with specific examples, including the classic two-stage trigger cascade synchronization; handshake protocol and the use of FIF0.
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